The offender is a criminal with social deviations in behavior. Deviant behavior and its types

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">DEVIANT BEHAVIOR">!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-2.jpg" alt="> The essence of social deviation n The term "deviation" (lat. deviacia - deviation) means"> Сущность социального отклонения n Термин «девиация» (лат. deviacia – отклонение) означает отличное от нормы поведения человека или социальной группы. n Социологи по-разному объясняют сущность девиантного поведения. Биологическое объяснение n Чезаре Ломброзо на основании многолетней практики в туринской тюрьме пришел к выводу («Преступный человек» , 1876), что люди по своему биологическому складу предрасположены к определенному типу поведения. Причем биологическая предрасположенность человека к преступлениям отражается в его облике.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-3.jpg" alt=">n Cesare Lombroso believed that the so-called "criminal type" is result of returning to more"> n Чезаре Ломброзо считал, что так называемый «криминальный тип» есть результат возвращения к более ранним стадиям филогенеза человека. n Этот тип отличается такими атавистическими чертами, как скошенный лоб, выступающая нижняя челюсть, удлиненные мочки ушей, редкая борода, чрезмерная волосистость головы, крупные клыки, приплюснутый нос, пониженная чувствительность. Ч. Лоброзо выделил четыре типа: 1. прирожденный преступник 2. душевнобольной преступник 3. преступник по страсти 4. случайный преступник!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-4.jpg" alt=">n A born criminal has congenital anatomical and physiological characteristics, as well as pathological personal"> n Прирожденный преступник имеет врожденные анатомические и физиологические признаки, а также патологические личностные особенности: отсутствие раскаяния и угрызений совести, склонность к предательству, цинизм, тщеславие, мстительность, жестокость, леность, любовь к оргиям и азартным играм. Совершает преступления сознательно, обдуманно, действует уверенно. n Душевнобольной преступник нарушает закон бессознательно в результате психической болезни. n Преступник по страсти обладает неуравновешенным характером и совершает преступления необдуманно, в состоянии аффекта. n Случайный преступник нарушает закон в результате стечения обстоятельств, действует необдуманно, ситуативно.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">n From the point of view of a biological approach, an American social psychologist and physician investigated criminal behavior"> n С позиции биологического подхода исследовал криминальное поведение американский социальный психолог и врач Вильям Шелдон (середина XX в.). n Работая в центре реабилитации малолетних преступников, он исследовал более 200 юношей и сопоставил виды физической конституции (строения тела), их темпераменты и виды совершенных ими преступлений. n Если Ч. Ломброзо сравнивал филогенетические черты разных периодов человеческой эволюции, то В. Шелдон сопоставил строение тела и поведение преступников по аналогии с собаками: каждой породе, предназначенной для выполнения определенных служебных функций, соответствует определенное строение тела.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-6.jpg" alt=">W. Sheldon identified three types of body structure in people with corresponding somatic , physiological and"> В. Шелдон выделил три типа строения тела у людей с соответствующими соматическими, физиологическими и психологическими характеристиками. n Эктоморф (греч. экто – вне, снаружи; греч. морф – форма) – имеет тонкое хрупкое тело, чрезвычайно чувствителен, нервозен, склонен к самоанализу. К нарушению закона не склонен, преступником может стать случайно. n Эндоморф (греч. эндо – внутри) – имеет умеренно полное, мягкое, округлое тело, общителен, умеет ладить с людьми, потворствует своим желаниям. Преступником может стать в результате стечения обстоятельств. n Мезоморф (греч. мезо – средний, промежуточный) – имеет сильное мускулистое тело, порог чувствительности снижен, активен, беспокоен. Этот тип наиболее склонен к криминальному поведению.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-7.jpg" alt=">n However, further examinations of criminals did not confirm the conclusions of the supporters of the biological explanation of the deviation."> n Однако дальнейшие обследования преступников не подтвердили выводов сторонников биологического объяснения девиации. n Российский паталогоанатом Д. Н. Зернов на основании проверочного исследования (1901) пришел к выводу, что прирожденных преступников не существует. Он отметил признаки дегенерации у определенного количества преступников, но эти признаки примерно в такой же пропорции встречаются и у непреступников. n Сегодня большинство социологов не сомневается, что не существует фатальной предрасположенности лиц с физиологическими и психологическими аномалиями к совершению преступлений, однако при наличии ведущего фактора девиации – нравственной невоспитанности – эти аномалии могут выступать катализатором в механизме преступного поведения.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-8.jpg" alt="> Psychological explanation n Proponents of this approach explain deviant behavior"> Психологическое объяснение n Сторонники этого подхода объясняют девиантное поведение исходя из психологических качеств, черт характера, внутренних жизненных установок, направленности личности, которые носят отчасти врожденный характер, отчасти формируются воспитанием и средой. В то же время сам поступок, нарушение закона могут стать результатом психологического состояния девианта. n Зигмунд Фрейд в своем психоанализе преступного поведения большую роль отводил семье и условиям детства преступника. Нормальные условия воспитания дают баланс трех подструктур личности («Оно» , «Я» , «супер-Я»). Психические травмы в детстве нарушают этот баланс и способствуют выходу агрессивных и антисоциальных импульсов. Неправильное воспитание, не позволившее развиться «супер-Я» , ведет к преобладанию «Оно» , которое постоянно требует немедленного удовлетворения своих желаний.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-9.jpg" alt=">n Modern social psychologists, explaining deviant behavior, pay attention to such problems like a role play"> n Современные социальные психологи, объясняя девиантное поведение, уделяют внимание таким проблемам, как ролевая диффузия – дисбаланс обретенного чувства «Я» и неспособность в полной мере играть соответствующую роль в обществе, а также кризису идентичности – оценке внутренних ценностей и переоценке своей роли. Социологическое объяснение n С точки зрения этого подхода, девиантное поведение формируется сочетанием социальных и психологических факторов, среди которых решающая роль принадлежит воздействию внешней среды.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-10.jpg" alt=">n Emile Durkheim, who created the theory of anomie ( 1897)."> n Родоначальником социологического объяснения девиантности считается Эмиль Дюркгейм, создавший теорию аномии (1897). n Аномия по Дюркгейму – это безнормность, отсутствие регуляторов поведения, это состояние социальной дезорганизации, когда социальные ценности и нормы становятся неустойчивыми, текучими, противоречивыми. Например, когда происходит быстрая смена социальных норм (революция, урбанизация). n В этой ситуации люди дезориентируются, так как старые нормы скомпрометированы, отринуты, а новые далеко еще не всем известны, не осознаны, не приняты и не испытаны на практике.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-11.jpg" alt=">n Robert Merton developed Durkheim's theory of anomie. n He considered the cause of deviant behavior"> n Роберт Мертон развивал теорию аномии Дюркгейма. n Он считал причиной девиантного поведения разрыв между ценностями, диктуемыми людям обществом, и социально одобряемыми средствами их достижения. n В результате этого разрыва нарушается равновесие между жизненными целями людей (например, в Америке это общественное признание, успех, богатство) и допустимыми средствами их достижения. Появляются люди-девианты, прокладывающие путь к цели не одобренными обществом средствами. Р. Мертон видел пять видов девиантов (1957): 1. Инноватор. Ценности общества признаются и жизненная цель принимается, но так как законными средствами цели не достичь, средства предлагаются иные, незаконные. Чаще всего инноватор – это преступник.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-12.jpg" alt=">2. Ritualist. The values of society and the goals of life dictated by them are rejected, and legal methods and"> 2. Ритуалист. Ценности общества и диктуемые ими цели жизни отвергаются, а законные методы и средства признаются. В результате девиации перед нами портрет ревностного бюрократа или неудачливого бизнесмена или педанта-преподавателя, для которого выполнение повседневных норм, ритуал полностью заслоняют значимые жизненные цели. 3. Ретреат (отступник). Этот тип отвергает и ценности с целями, и законные средства их осуществления. Он вообще оставляет этот мир (самоубийца) или отходит от него (наркоман, алкоголик). 4. Бунтарь. Он не только отвергает ценности, цели и средства этого несовершенного мира, но и хочет заменить его своими идеальными, делающими (он свято верит в это) мир более совершенным. Это революционер, отстаивающий свой социальный идеал. 5. Конформист. Такой тип считает необходимым приспособиться к господствующим социальным ценностям, вписаться в систему социальных норм, выбрать в жизни цель «как у всех» , пользоваться только одобряемыми обществом средствами, постепенно и последовательно добиваться поставленной цели. Перед нами типичный представитель эпохи, единственный не девиант среди пяти представленных типов, олицетворяющий подавляющее большинство людей в каждом обществе.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-13.jpg" alt=">n The American sociologist Howard Becker put forward the theory of stigmatization, or labeling ( Greek"> n Американский социолог Говард Беккер выдвинул теорию стигматизации, или наклеивания ярлыков (греч. стигма – клеймо, метка для раба или преступника). n В книге «Аутсайдеры» (1963) он отрицает психологические и психиатрические модели девиантного поведения, объявляющие девианта «больным» . n Он считал, что девиация обусловлена способностью наиболее влиятельных групп общества (законодателей, судей, врачей и др.) навязывать остальным социальным группам определенные стандарты поведения. n Отсюда он делает вывод, что девиация – это не качество поведения, поступка человека, а скорее результат соотнесения его с господствующими социальными нормами, отношения к нему влиятельных кругов.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">n traffic at the crossing"> n Большинство людей нарушают какие-либо социальные нормы. Например, правила дорожного движения при переходе улицы или сон на лекциях, подсматривание на экзаменах. Но их не считают девиантами. Социологи называют такое поведение «первичной девиацией» . n Но привод в милицию, возбуждение уголовного дела, отчисление из академии ставят на человеке стигму, ярлык девианта. Это уже «вторичная девиация» , после чего окружающие начинают общаться с ним как с девиантом. n Вторичной девиации способствуют не только официальные лица (начальник, милиция). Беккер подчеркивал роль так называемых «борцов за нравственность» , организующих «крестовые походы» . n Если они побеждают, создаются новые ценности и нормы и появляются новые девианты, часто коллективные формы девиации. n В качестве примера могут служить XVIII поправка к конституции США и закон о запрете продажи спиртного.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-15.jpg" alt=">n Representatives of certain professions, who finally determine whether a deviant is one or another human,"> n Представители некоторых профессией, окончательно определяющие, девиант ли тот или иной члеовек, несут особую ответственность перед обществом. В связи с этим повышается, скажем, ответственность врача за признание того или иного человека девиантом. n Так, американский социолог Л. Розенхена провел исследование (1973). В ходе задуманного эксперимента он пожаловался, что его «преследуют какие-то голоса» и был здоровым положен в клинику. На втором этапе эксперимента он сообщил психиатрам, что в больницу могут поступить другие псевдобольные. В результате из 193 больных 41 был признан «нормальным» .!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-16.jpg" alt=">Deviation can be viewed as a social process. Then, according to Neil Smelser (1988)"> Девиацию можно рассматривать как социальный процесс. Тогда, по мнению Нейла Смелзера (1988), в нем следует выделять следующие стадии: n создание норм, n совершение девиантного поступка, n признание человека девиантом (вторичная девиация), n стигматизация и ее следствия, n коллективные формы девиации.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-17.jpg" alt="> Types of deviant behavior and their prevalence in society n"> Виды девиантного поведения и степень их распространенности в обществе n Преступность Под преступлением в самом общем виде понимается нарушение законов. Преступниками считаются лица, осужденные судом. В этом случае судьи выполняют функцию стигматизации, т. е. накладывают своеобразное государственное «клеймо» на человека, объявляя его преступником. Иногда социологи выделяют в девиантном делинквент-ное поведение, понимая под последним преступность. n Преступность без жертв Формой девиации, не связанной с тяжкими преступлениями, является так называемая преступность без жертв. Это такие виды преступлений, как проституция, наркомания, азартные игры. Несмотря на то, что общество относится к ним более терпимо, чем к тяжким преступлениям, социологи ищут возможности по их ограничению и сокращению. Ведь с проблемой проституции, например, тесно связаны такие социальные вопросы, как здоровье нации, общественный порядок, социальная и молодежная политика, гендерные отношения и др.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-18.jpg" alt=">n Suicide (suicide) is a type of deviant behavior consisting in intentional deprivation"> n Самоубийство (суицид) – это вид девиантного поведения, заключающийся в умышленном лишении себя жизни. Это осознанное прекращение своей жизни, поэтому не признается суицидом лишение себя жизни невменяемыми и детьми в возрасте до 5 лет. Под самоубийством понимают как индивидуальное действие, т. е. суицид конкретного человека, так и статистически устойчивое социальное явление, имеющее место в жизни определенного общества. Социология имеет дело со вторым аспектом самоубийства.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-19.jpg" alt="> Mental disorders n Mental disorders as deviations have a different nature. K"> Психические отклонения n Психические расстройства как девиации имеют различную природу. К эндогенным, т. е. обусловленным внутренними факторами конкретного индивида (наследственность, атрофия человеческого мозга, старость и др.), относятся шизофрения, маниакально-депрессивный психоз, болезнь Паркинсона, эпилепсия. n К экзогенным, т. е. вызванным внешними факторами, воздействием окружающей среды, относят различные симптоматические и интоксикационные психозы, психогении (психозы, вызванные психической травмой, алкоголем, наркотиками или патологическим развитием личности). n Вне зависимости от того, вызвана девиация эндогенными или экзогенными факторами, она проявляется в социальном, т. е. направленном на общество, поведении личности.!}

Src="http://present5.com/presentation/3/17709284_26027892.pdf-img/17709284_26027892.pdf-20.jpg" alt=">n There are other types of deviant behavior that are less dangerous to others: vagrancy,"> n Существуют и другие виды девиантного поведения, менее опасные для окружающих: бродяжничество, бомжевание; агрессивное поведение (не вызванное психической болезнью), выражающееся в грубости, непристойных выражениях, скрытых или открытых угрозах; деконструктивное поведение или вандализм (поджигание урн, дверей, поломка ограждений, деревьев, кустов, скамеек, лифтов, вытаптывание газонов, разрисовка стен и т. д.); сексуальные девиации и др. n Существуют и групповые девиации, которые охватывают сразу многих представителей определенной социальной группы.!}

5.8. Deviant behavior and social control

social behavior
Human behavior is the result of the interaction of his inner nature and the process of socialization, the constituent elements of which are other individuals. Therefore, we can say that in the social behavior of a person, genetic and biological characteristics are manifested, as well as what he has mastered in the process of upbringing and his life experience.
Behavior can be defined as a person's reaction to internal and external "irritants", which may include both other individuals and various mediated information affecting the interests of a person. Behavior can be both meaningful and instinctive, for example, when we look back at the sound of a person walking behind us. In order to single out the actual social, conscious factor of behavior, it is customary in sociology to separate the concepts of social behavior and social action. The latter refers to a specific, meaningful system of actions, means and methods by which a person or group intends to change the behavior, attitudes or opinions of others. Hence, the category of social attitude acquires great importance as the formation of an individual's orientation towards certain types of activity. Since our social actions are aimed at changing other people's attitudes and behavior, they lead to the satisfaction of certain needs, interests or aspirations of a person. However, society is not indifferent to what means, methods and actions a person (group, community) uses to achieve their goals.
Important determinants of the level of behavior permitted, so to speak, sanctioned by society are social norms enshrined in the culture, lifestyle of society, community, groups and individuals; deviations from them we consider as a pathology.
The main social institution that contributes to the observance of social norms is social control. Its system includes all ways of public opinion reaction to certain specific actions of a person, all means of public pressure in order to put his behavior within certain social frameworks, and finally, all types of direct and feedback links between the individual and society (or institution, organizations). , speaking on his behalf) - from visual observation to preventive social measures and the very process of education. During periods of social stability of society, the system of social control successfully copes with the emerging disorganization of the normative behavior of people, i.e. social pathology does not exceed a certain norm. However, during periods of revolutionary transformation of society and the loss of ideals and values by most of the population, the system of social control in society cannot cope with the growing disorganization and social pathology, which leads to a social crisis or the collapse of the social system.
Norm and pathology
We are already familiar with the concept of norm. In a broad sense, it means a rule, a guiding principle. However, not all rules can be considered as social norms, but only those that regulate the social behavior of people and their relationship with society. In this behavior, the social essence of the individual is manifested, reflecting the social being and the requirements imposed by society (or other groups) on the behavior of the individual or social group.
The sources of maintaining normative behavior, according to the Russian lawyer sociologist L.I. Petrazhitsky (1867-1931), may be: - "social instinct", which is associated with a person's inclination to follow without hesitation some general rules of action;
- "positive moral disposition" - a sense of duty;
- fear of external coercion, punishment;
- a reminder of divine power.
All these factors operate when social control and laws are effective, the system of education that forms a sense of duty in people, and members of society have a high level of religiosity. If the action of these factors weakens, the number of people in society increases whose behavior does not correspond to social or even legal norms. A person who violates the norm must necessarily be subjected to one or another type of social punishment, since impunity produces a further increase in social deviations. In this case, we have the right to talk about deviant behavior. The latter can take various forms of social danger. In this regard, along with moral condemnation (sanctions), legal norms and institutions of coercion appeared in society: court, prison, etc.
Thus, legal norms arose as a result of the need of society to restrain the spread of deviant forms of behavior, especially dangerous for other people. Consequently, they are aimed at introducing into the social system not only elements of consent, but also order, which maintains the state of "normal society".
According to the famous Russian scientist V.N. Kudryavtsev, such a society is characterized by high vitality, flexibility, and adaptability to changing conditions. It is characterized by the integrity, stability of social systems, constant impulse for development, openness, pluralism, receptivity and manageability in its social stratification and mobility.
As for the problem of "deviation", which is understood as any kind of deviation from the norms in force in society (both moral and legal), it can have both a positive and a negative direction. For example, we can evaluate heroism and self-sacrifice as behavior that deviates from ordinary moral life, since it is not prescribed by social norms and acts as an individual's personal position. Since there are always people in society who violate not only moral, but also legal foundations, it becomes necessary to apply various kinds of sanctions to them. Scientists argue that a normally developing society consists of about 10-12% of "heroes" and the same 10-12% of "violators".
The most holistic view on the problem of deviations is given in the works of R. Merton, in the concept of anomie, by which he understood the situation when a particular person shows insufficient respect for the basic social norms of a given social system or seeks to see in these norms a certain loss of their obligation for himself. Consequently, anomie does not mean the absence of norms, but only states that a particular subject has a negative or indifferent attitude towards social norms. The fact that the main structural element of the concept of anomie is the conflict of norms and understanding of the individual allows us to emphasize the nature of the resolution of this contradiction in social interaction.
When evaluating deviant behavior, there are two concepts: relative and absolute. Supporters of the first believe that moral and even some legal norms can only be analyzed in connection with a particular society, its social organization and culture. What would be normal for a savage may not be normal for a civilized person. Supporters of the absolute position argue that universal human moral values and norms must be found and fixed.
An extreme form of social deviation is criminal behavior.
Sociological approaches to explaining crime
The main aspect of the sociological study of deviant behavior is the search for the causes of crime as an extreme form of social deviation. The most prominent followers of this trend are R. Merton and E. Durkheim. Scientists believe that the reasons for social deviations are the contradictions between the values and sociocultural norms that prevail in society, as well as between the goals of society and the socially approved means of achieving them.
In the light of such a formulation of the problem, the emergence of deviant (deviant) behavior is also considered, which manifests itself as a crisis between the interests and needs of a person and the impossibility (in his opinion) to realize them in any other way, except deviating from moral and legal norms.
The study of the causes of crime is based on the definition of the concepts of "crime" and "criminal". These concepts are the subject of traditional criminology and are formulated by jurisprudence. However, we will not be able to carry out empirical research on crime unless we have some basis for distinguishing criminal behavior from other types of deviant behavior, and criminals from others. not to confuse these phenomena in our observations.
The precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines as criminal conduct that is prohibited by the penal code. The difference in the criminal codes of different countries allows us to assert their relative, subjective interpretation of crime. However, E. Durkheim believes that crime as a social phenomenon is characteristic of any human communities and has a natural nature. Therefore, there are no societies that do not face this problem. In his work "The Rules of the Sociological Method" (I950), he notes that if crime reaches a level characteristic of a society of a certain type, but does not exceed it, then this is a normal phenomenon. Crime and other social ills are rooted in concrete social conditions. The negative consequences of crimes are neutralized by society through punishment, and in fact crime does not bring much harm to society as such: the social organism continues to exist and function. Durkheim believed that norm and pathology cannot be defined abstractly and absolutely outside the public face. Although Durkheim failed to fully substantiate the understanding of the normal, it is important to emphasize the principle he formulated of the correspondence of this phenomenon to the social conditions of social life. Therefore, in the conditions of the transitional period, as he considered modern society, the criterion of normal as general is inapplicable. During turbulent social changes, the conditions for the functioning of society change, therefore, the consequences also change, i.e. normal or pathological social phenomena. The main value of Durkheim's sociological theory is that he represented the social environment (conditions) as a factor that determines both normal and pathological phenomena.
No less authoritative concept of deviant behavior is the theory of differentiated communication by the well-known Western lawyer E. Sutherland. He believed that criminal or delinquent behavior is associated with the assimilation, firstly, of the technical methods of committing crimes and, secondly, of motives, motives, rational explanations and attitudes that favor the violation of the law. The most fruitful in this concept is the idea of a delinquent subculture, which gives the corresponding pathological socialization to a person in this environment.
The main characteristic of a delinquent subculture is a system of values that is opposite to the values of a law-abiding, respectable society. The world of delinquency is the world of those who obey their own laws, and its social norms constitute a force directed against the existing social order. Unlike E. Durkheim, E. Cohen does not accept delinquent culture as something given, natural, but, on the contrary, believes that the functions of delinquent values are a way to resolve social problems facing adolescents. Cohen sees the development of a delinquent culture as the creation, maintenance and strengthening of a code of conduct that exists on the principle of opposition and denial of dominant values - and especially the values of the middle class.
So, delinquent behavior is a phenomenon caused by the presence of a system of values and norms that deviate from the dominant ones in society, while an individual who perceives a delinquent culture defines his behavior as correct. Despite the difference between the two sociological concepts of deviant behavior (Durkheim-Sutherland and Cohen), they have something in common - the external mediation of the emergence and existence of social deviations. This means that the leading factor in the reproduction of crime in society is the same social relations, or rather, their imperfection. The latter is due to the fact that human social behavior is determined by a huge number of factors, which no social system is able to control and correct today. The socio-economic imperfection of systems, which stimulates social inequality, leads to an aggravation and an increase in the number of conflicts between society and the individual, which also increases the chances of delinquent behavior.
Biological direction in explaining the nature of crimes
In 1897, the psychiatrist, criminologist, anthropologist C. Lombroso (1835-1909) published his theory of the "born criminal". Among the main factors leading from the biology of the subject, put forward atavism, degeneration, epilepsy, which he defined by the concept of "mental disability". This theory was perceived by the scientific community ambiguously. Marxism was especially critical of it, denying any biological determinism of criminal behavior. At the same time, data from psychiatric and criminological studies of criminal behavior that manifests itself in early childhood indicate that in the social environment, it is most likely not criminal, but normal behavior that is assimilated.
Psychological studies show that in the early attempts to express themselves and form their own "I" ill-mannered and untrained child who does not have the skills of social behavior resorts to lies, cunning, evasions, anger, hatred, theft, aggression, violence and other forms of antisocial behavior. The change in the child's behavior associated with the approval of the social norms of the hostel, altruism, abstinence from violence is precisely the result of upbringing, socialization, in the process of which the child realizes that it is possible to obtain the approval of adults only if the behavior corresponds to generally accepted social norms.
Thus, it can be argued that the formation of a law-abiding personality is associated with the effectiveness of the process of socialization and education.
However, a one-sided negative assessment of the biological concept is also very dangerous. Studies conducted by Russian sociologists and criminologists, in particular M.V. Lupandin and V.N. Kudryavtsev, prove that mental retardation, including hereditary origins, is typical in one form or another for almost one third of persons who have committed various crimes, especially those related to violence against a person.
The biological direction was further developed in the works of modern American scientists, who connect deviant behavior with the nature of the body structure and explain criminal behavior by anomalies of the sex chromosomes. So far, it can be argued that all existing concepts of this kind are at the level of scientific hypotheses that require additional research.
If we consider the influence of biological factors proper on the occurrence of criminal behavior, then we can only talk about people with a pronounced pathology, a deforming ability for an objective perception of reality, self-control, self-analysis. Consequently, the congenital pathology of the biopsychological system of the personality is a serious objective prerequisite for the formation of the individual's criminal behavior.
Psychoanalytic theory of criminal behavior motivation
The psychoanalytic theory of personality behavior motivation is associated with the names of Z. Freud, A. Adler and others. This theory has already been discussed above, but to disclose this topic, let us recall some of the main points.
Sigmund Freud built his theory of the motivation of human behavior on the basis of the absolutization of the role of sexual and aggressive urges. To substantiate the primary role of such motives in human behavior, S. Freud used a huge amount of empirical material, which is the result of his observations. Freud introduces the concept of "plasticity" of motives, which implies a variety of ways to satisfy needs. This is what makes it possible to give the motivation of human behavior a more or less acceptable form.
A distinctive feature of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that, in the mind of the individual, events do not always appear as they are in reality. Often they appear to individuals as opposed to this social reality. The true meanings of events can only be revealed if one discovers how the underlying sexual and aggressive needs have been transformed. Such a transformation is rarely complete, and sometimes does not occur at all, so infantile needs (for example, in aggressiveness) take the form of a subconscious - a state that favors their fixation. In this case, you can
but to talk about the so-called pathological socialization of the individual. Representations pushed into the subconscious remain unchanged and continue to exist according to their own laws, influencing our consciousness and, consequently, our behavior.
Freud and his followers put forward a number of concepts to explain how subconscious processes manifest themselves in conscious behavior; how their transformation or disguise is combined with conscious aspirations; how the most conscious control systems of the personality protect themselves, protect themselves from subconscious processes, pacify, guide and assimilate them.
The psychoanalytic concept of Freud and his followers presented aggressiveness as an innate quality inherent in a person, not removed in the process of socialization and manifested in the form of a command Id ("It"), i.e. subconscious, while in the Ego ("I") rational aspirations must be realized. With their conclusions, psychoanalysts provide a very solid scientific basis for the significance of the socialization process for removing the natural (innate) aggressiveness of a person, since in some unfavorable situation, innate aggressiveness can become a source of criminal behavior.
Identity of the perpetrator
The concept of "criminal personality" is interconnected with the general sociological understanding of the personality as the social essence of a person, manifested in his status in the system of social relations. In order to define the concept of "personality of the offender", it is necessary to clarify, probably, the essence of the category of crime.
Criminologists note that there is still confusion and ambiguity in the definition of this concept. This position is more a manifestation of the belief among sociologists that not all sections of antisocial behavior are prohibited by legal laws, and therefore not all are crimes. Hence, the traditional definition of a crime as a violation of the law seems to be very conditional and inaccurate. In addition, even legal laws are dynamic and relative in nature, and this, in turn, hinders the development of a system of scientific hypotheses that have universal value.
A number of scholars object to the traditional definition of crime given above and due to the fact that they want to identify and study the absolute and eternal content of the concept of crime, and not just a violation of the norms of status or case law that change depending on time and place.
Finally, there have been recent protests against the orthodox concepts of crime and the criminal, which come from a variety of positions. What they have in common is the fact that they reject the formal-legal and arbitrary doctrine according to which persons convicted under criminal law are criminals. Such doctrines exacerbate the difficulty in defining the boundaries of the field of criminological research.
Thus, a certain part of scientists argues that the fact of violation of the criminal code is a relative (artificial) indicator, and therefore does not meet the requirements of science, since it has a "random" nature and "does not arise organically."
If we assume that any kind of antisocial behavior is contrary to the interests of society, then a very definite question arises: what are these interests? Which of them are valed so that an encroachment on them could be considered as criminal behavior?
All standards of social behavior, in accordance with which social norms are established, are the "fruit" of the historical development of society and its institutions, which means that they are relative and changeable. Therefore, the relationship between public interests and social norms will always be specific, characteristic only for a given stage of social development.
However, society has not only laws, but also social institutions that monitor their implementation, and if they are violated, a person is punished. Such institutions of coercion are the court and the prison. This means that it is these institutions that establish the guilt of a person before society and determine the nature of punishment. On behalf of these institutions, people perform the corresponding social roles: judges, prosecutors, investigators, etc. The relationship between the nature of the crime and the nature of punishment is one of the most serious problems that must be solved not only by science, but also by social practice. So far, for all the scientific significance of this problem and various innovative concepts, it is believed that criminals are people who are recognized as such by the court. Such a notion of a criminal (and therefore criminal behavior) is closer to the sociological understanding of social control, which also implements sanctions against violators of social norms.
The identity of the offender as a variety of the concept of personality includes, first of all, the general features of the latter. Both for a sociologist and a criminologist, these common features are important, because in the structure of the personality of a criminal they acquire a special content and meaning, become one way or another connected with the antisocial behavior of a person.
The personality structure of the offender is also characterized by signs specific to such a person, which determine and express his social danger, the nature and degree of the latter. Thus, the characteristics of the offender's personality are a structure of qualities that together determine the person who commits a particular crime, various aspects and manifestations of his social existence and life practice. These indicators are directly or indirectly related to the antisocial behavior of a person, determine or facilitate the commission of a crime, or make it possible to understand its causes. At the same time, the structure of the offender's personality reflects not only the diversity of the features that form it, their role in the etiology of criminal behavior, but at the same time their relationship and interaction.
In the sociological analysis of crime, it seems important to single out the following indicators.
1. Socio-demographic and criminal law features.
2. Social behavior in various spheres of the subject's social life.
3. Moral properties of the subject.
4. Psychological characteristics of the subject.
The first block includes: gender, age, education, social and marital status, occupation, belonging to an urban or rural population, financial situation, living conditions, etc. These signs characterize each person, any group of people, the entire population as a whole. However, taken in concrete terms in relation to people who have committed a crime, they indicate significant "shifts" in the characteristics of this particular contingent, i.e. provide sociological information of great scientific and practical importance. The information makes it possible to analyze data on the gender composition of criminals, the proportion of different age categories, professional groups, and to build a social typology of the criminal's personality.
To characterize a criminal, intellectual, emotional and volitional properties are of great importance. Intellectual properties include: the level of mental development, the amount of knowledge, the breadth or narrowness of views, the content and diversity of interests. The emotional properties of a person are the balance or mobility of nervous processes (temperament), the dynamism of feelings, the degree of emotional excitability, the strength and pace of reaction to various stimuli and situations, the constancy or variability of experiences, etc. The volitional properties of a person are: the ability to regulate one's behavior, the ability to make decisions and implement them, to achieve the intended goal.
An indicator of the moral development of a person is the direction of his behavior, which is reflected in general in the way of life of a person (group, society). The interaction of all these aspects of the personality structure is quite clearly manifested in cases of criminal behavior. Various ratios of indicators make it possible to assert that a person can become a criminal both under the influence of unfavorable external conditions (social environment), and as a result of internal factors, pathological personality structures, for example, due to intellectual underdevelopment, mental illness, etc.
The question of the role of acquired (social) and innate (biological) in human criminal behavior is of fundamental scientific and practical importance. For a sociologist-researcher, it is important to state the fact that in the behavior of a criminal (during the formation of a criminal intent and the commission of a crime), two groups of personal factors most often interact: biopsychological and social, since the motive of criminal behavior is a reflection in the mind of a person of really existing (or imagined) needs. As a rule, these needs are socially determined, the means of satisfying them are always chosen by a person in accordance with his life experience, attitudes, and value orientations.
Classification of criminals
In domestic legal literature, the issue of classifying the personality of criminals is considered mainly in connection with the tasks of punishment and execution of punishments, i.e. in criminal procedural and corrective labor aspects.
For example, the well-known domestic forensic lawyer M.D. Shargorodsky proposes to include the following group of indicators in the basis of the classification of criminals:
- physiological criteria: gender, age, disease;
- social criteria: persistent recidivists, first-time offenders;
- differentiation of criminals depending on the nature of the crime committed: its goals, motives, means and methods of action.
This classification was improved by N.A. Belyaev, who supplemented it with such characteristics as:
- especially dangerous state criminals;
- committed all other crimes.
In the second group, he distinguishes between those who committed intentional crimes and those who committed them through negligence. He proposes to subdivide the group of intentional criminals into mercenary criminals, criminals against the person, hooligans, disinterested criminals who have committed unintentional crimes.
Of particular interest to sociologists is the following socio-psychological classification of criminals.
1. Global criminal type, which is characterized by "full criminal charge". It includes bandits, especially dangerous recidivists, etc.
2. Partial type, i.e. with "partial criminal charge". These persons are morally "split", in which the traits of a normal personality type and the personality type of a criminal coexist. For example, people who systematically commit theft in production.
3. The pre-criminal type is characteristic of persons who are characterized by great emotional excitability, insufficient self-control, etc. In a conflict situation, they are capable of crime, hooliganism, murder out of jealousy, etc. Therefore, depending on the goals and objectives of the study, the classification of criminals may be different. Knowledge of this classification is necessary, firstly, to conduct sociological research on such a social phenomenon as crime, and secondly, to carry out a comparative analysis of the empirical data of criminologists and sociologists.
Social correction of criminal behavior
At present, more and more importance is attached to such a new scientific direction of sociology as social work. The training of specialists in this field requires knowledge in the field of not only the theory and practice of sociology, but also social therapy (G. Moreno's term). In this regard, familiarity with the problems of social behavior correction is a necessary part of knowledge, especially for those who will specialize in social work.
Criminal behavior, condemned by society and its social institutions, is subject to social correction. First, it is necessary because society must protect itself from elements that introduce disorganization into social relations (at different levels: from interpersonal and group to more general). Secondly, such social correction allows society to rehabilitate people who have returned from prison, i.e. give them back a normal life.
Depending on the type of personality of the offender, existing laws and the court choose punishment measures, which in different societies provide for different types of coercion. The highest measure of punishment is the death penalty, which is recognized as adequate to the crime as such (regardless of the assessment of severity and consequences) only by some countries.
Prison (penal) systems in one form or another are used by all countries without exception and are defined as places of deprivation of liberty of persons recognized as criminals by law. Different societies have different penitentiary systems with their own tasks and goals, which provide not only social, but also psychological assistance.
The humanization of social relations, the collapse of totalitarian regimes, including those in the former socialist countries, lead to the search for new forms and ways of rehabilitating persons who have committed criminal acts.
A significant place in the rehabilitation and prevention of crime is given to social work, it is carried out not only with pre-criminal individuals and groups, but also with individuals who have already committed crimes. For example, at present, in large cities of the United States, the method of integration into delinquent gangs of teenagers of social workers who are directly involved in the socialization of their deviant behavior is used. The social worker comes into contact with the gang (in the conditions of their usual environment) and tries to reorient the activities of adolescents, transferring it from a delinquent basis to a constructive one. Working with such groups requires special professional training, for example, knowledge of the "intermediate group theory" of the famous Western psychologist L. Yablonsky, since delinquents cannot be treated as normal groups and social organizations. Hence the frequent failures.
L. Yablonsky, who studied the structures of 30 groups of delinquents, identified three levels. The first is the center of the gang, represented by the leaders. These are the boys who need the gang the most. This "core" of unstable teenagers is the main cementing force within the gang. They rally the gang and force them to act. The second level is teenagers who have announced their participation in the activities of the gang in accordance with their emotional needs at a given time. The third level is the peripheral members of the group, who participate in its activities from time to time, and even then rarely identify themselves with it.
Yablonsky believes that the most effective social work is to rehabilitate "intermediate groups", i.e. at the second and third levels. The concept of an intermediate group is important not only for the forensic, but also for the sociological study of criminal behavior and the rehabilitation of criminals. Active social work with people with borderline forms of behavior allows society to significantly reduce the number of criminals.
The fight against deviations in behavior is not limited to these measures. State social security bodies, as well as private organizations existing in various countries, are engaged in a wide range of social activities: they pay special attention to helping poor families, children brought up without parents, actively participate in solving the problems of social control, which performs the function of coordinating behavior individual (group, community) with the social whole. These bodies and institutions are formed from workers providing social patronage (social workers), they represent a numerous specialized profession with a well-defined philosophy, professional language, methods of work that have developed under the strong influence of pathopsychology and psychiatry.
Social patronage workers usually view deviant behavior problems as problems of the individual's mental pathology or problems of educational defects that require sympathy, patience, support and advice, and sometimes psychiatric and psychological intervention. This approach to the problems of deviant behavior is most pronounced in the United States, especially among highly educated people who consider the problems of social deviance not so much legal as medical or psychological.
This position also defines the social therapy (treatment) of deviations, which are considered as the result of disappointments, hopelessness, despair, alienation from the social institutions that exist in a given society. An example of such a social program (social therapy) is the crime prevention experiment in New York City called Mobilization for Youth. The program is funded primarily by federal government funds and is expected to cost many millions of dollars.
Social work is also actively developing in Russia. In particular, faculties of social work have been created at the country's universities to train social patronage workers (social workers) who will work with various social groups of the population: youth, prisoners, women, drug addicts, alcoholics, etc.
Many of the domestic programs of social work are based on sociological concepts of the nature of deviations in behavior, according to which most deviations are not so much an individual pathology as a fact of social interaction between individuals, contributing to negative socialization.
The role of the social environment in the formation of social deviations up to criminal behavior is also recognized by Western scientists. Therefore, there should be new social programs to combat deviations. They should contribute to the social therapy of the whole society, to improve its physical health, culture and well-being. Only by changing the organizational culture of society can one reach higher levels of social relations, which will contribute to the growth of social forms of behavior of the population.

So, any behavior that causes disapproval of public opinion is called deviant. This is an extremely wide range of phenomena - from ticketless travel to the murder of a person. In a broad sense, a deviant is any person who has gone astray or deviated from the norm of behavior.

The concept of a deviant career serves as a kind of bridge between a simple violation of the norm and crime (breaking the law). It can serve as an explanation for both deviant and criminal careers. Moreover, many scholars note that crime should be considered simultaneously and in connection with other socially harmful phenomena (alcoholism, suicide, immorality, etc.).

Various types of social deviations can be classified on a number of grounds:

Depending on the type of rule violated(law, morality, rules of a hostel, labor activity, etc.);

According to the nature of the violated norms, social deviations differ national And on an international scale(violation of norms and principles of international law: aggressive war, racial discrimination, genocide, terrorism);

Depending on the elements internal structure: by subject, object, objective side and subjective side;

By Target focus appropriate deviant behavior and its motivation (selfish orientation, aggressive orientation, socially passive), etc.

The variety of grounds for classifying social deviations naturally makes it difficult to choose any one of them for presenting the material. The main difficulty lies in the fact that, as can be seen from the above, many types of antisocial acts "intersect" with each other in scope and content.

Traditionally, the types or forms of deviant behavior include: criminal offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, homosexuality, gambling, mental disorders, suicide.

Thus, in a narrow sense, deviant behavior means such deviations that do not entail criminal punishment, in other words, they are not offenses, they are not illegal. The totality of illegal acts (violations of the law) received a special name in sociology - delinquent(literally criminal) behavior.

Violations of social norms can be serious and frivolous, conscious and unconscious. All serious violations, whether conscious or not, that fall under the category of unlawful act are considered delinquent conduct. Alcoholism is a typical type of delinquent behavior. An alcoholic is not only a sick person, but also a deviant, he is not able to perform social roles normally. A drug addict is a criminal, since the use of drugs is qualified by law as a criminal act. Suicide, i.e. free and intentional termination of one's life is a deviation. But killing another person is a crime.

Deviant and delinquent behavior can be distinguished as follows: the first - relatively, and the second is absolutely. What is a deviation for one person or group may be a habit for others. The upper class considers their behavior to be the norm, and the behavior of representatives of other classes, especially the lower ones, is a deviation. Deviant behavior is relative, because it is related only to the cultural norms of this group. But delinquent behavior is absolutely in relation to the laws of the country. From their point of view, street robbery by representatives of the lower classes can be considered a normal type of income or a way to establish social justice. But this is not a deviation, but a crime, since there is an absolute norm - a legal law that qualifies a robbery as a robbery.

Crime is the most dangerous deviation from social norms (laws). Crime is defined as a relatively massive, historically changeable socio-legal phenomenon of society, consisting of the totality of crimes committed in a given community in a certain period of time. The structure and dynamics of crime fully characterize the socio-political, economic, moral state of society, its inherent contradictions and conflicts.

In the media, now and then there are reports of an increase in the level of crime, then of its decrease. However, one must exercise some caution when arguing about crime on the basis of these data. Crime occurs when criminal laws are violated. But nothing is known about many crimes, as they are safely hidden. Other crimes are not taken into account, either because the relevant laws are not universally accepted, or because the violation of these laws is not considered a serious act. Sociologists and criminologists who study crime are interested in how and what laws come into being, how they are implemented, who commits crimes and why.

In modern legal systems, crimes are classified on the following grounds:

By severity: severe, less severe and not representing a great public danger;

According to the object of encroachment: against property and against the person;

According to the forms of guilt: intentional and reckless;

According to the goals and motives of the criminals;

On socio-demographic and criminological grounds: crimes of adults and youth, minors; primary, repeated and recurrent crime;

Legal classification of crimes by chapters and articles of criminal codes.

Among the modern main problems of this type of social deviations as crime, the following problems should be attributed:

1. The problem of official statistics and its interpretation. Published data on crimes make it possible to identify the main trends in deviant behavior not only in frequency but also in quality. At the same time, it is known that not all crimes are recorded by official statistics and social control bodies. Experts note a significant gap between the levels of registered and latent crime, i.e. hidden crime. Selective studies show that of the total number of acquisitive and violent crimes, crimes against health and sexual integrity, approximately 50% are registered, and economic crimes (theft, bribery, abuse, etc.) - no more than 10%. Moreover, official statistics do not allow to fully reflect the state of crime in the country, also because the newly adopted laws have not found universal recognition not only from the citizens, but also from the bodies exercising law and order. Official statistics “suffer” from incompleteness and unreliability due to the widespread legal nihilism in the country, when citizens do not perceive the legal authorities and the law as an effective form of protection against encroachments on their property and personality.

2. The growth of female crime. Against the background of a general increase in the level of crime, the growth of female crime attracts special attention, and according to some data, women are not inferior to men in official and economic crimes. It was traditionally believed that women commit crimes much less frequently due to natural differences with men (various innate physiological and psychological characteristics). Others saw the reasons for the differences between male and female crime in education (boys and girls learn different roles, have different social opportunities, are perceived differently by agents of social control). Meanwhile, the increase in the number of female offenders continues and, apparently, will continue for some time, due to profound changes in the social role of women and the living conditions of the whole society.

3. Crimes without victims. Crimes in which both the “victim” and the “criminal” willingly participate, and are not associated with either the loss of property or harm to the person, are called “victimless crimes”.

4. Damage caused to the victims. A significant part of the crimes involves actual losses for the victims, losses that, as a rule, are not returned and are not compensated to the victims. Moreover, sometimes the victims of a crime also suffer because the blame for being a victim of a crime is placed on them. This phenomenon is known as victim blaming.

5. Intervention of eyewitnesses. Sociologists have long paid attention to the fact that in cases where a crime is committed in front of a large number of people, none of them tries to help the victim. Research and experimentation in this area has made it possible to understand why people do not intervene, and when and why they seek to help. It has been found that the presence of a large number of people watching the crime reduces the likelihood of assisting the victim than in the case when any person is the only eyewitness to the crime. This phenomenon is called the diffusion of responsibility, because none of those present feel a personal obligation to intervene. Of course, there are other reasons for non-intervention: fear, indifference, “no matter what happens”, “it’s not my business, let them sort it out themselves”, etc.

6. "White-collar crime" is a term that refers to the types of criminal activity that take place in organizations. The essence of the problem is the contradiction between risk minimization, in which the bureaucracy of an organization, company, corporation is interested, and the uncertainty of market conditions. Most clearly, these types of crimes are presented in consumer protection. H. Farberman (1975) drew attention to a number of difficulties that arise in connection with establishing who exactly in the organization is guilty of a crime, who deserves punishment. In the course of the analysis, he introduced the concept of "criminogenic structure of the market." The economic policy formed at the upper levels of industrial production, which is characterized by a high degree of concentration (for example, in the automotive industry), pushes lower-level participants to activities that conflict with existing laws. Those at the top have not broken any laws, but by creating tough economic conditions for those who are affected by their decisions, they are pushing subordinates to illegal actions.

Controversial issues:

1. In what case is this or that act criminal?

2. Policy and decriminalization of drug use.

3. Compensation for the victim of the crime.

4. Who should have a weapon?

5. Death penalty: for or against?

Social deviance and crime

1. Causes and conditions of deviant behavior
2. Criminological aspects of drunkenness and alcoholism
3. Criminological aspects of drug addiction
4. Criminological aspects of prostitution
5. Social marginality

Causes and conditions of deviant behavior

Deviant behavior is a consequence of an unsuccessful process of personality socialization: as a result of a violation of the processes of identification and individualization, a person easily falls into a state of social disorganization, when cultural values, norms and social relationships are absent, weaken or contradict each other.

Directions explaining the causes of deviation:

1. Inconsistency between the goals put forward by society and the means that it offers to achieve them.
2. Cultural patterns of behavior are deviant if they are based on the norms of another culture. The offender is considered as a bearer of a certain subculture that is in conflict with the type of culture that dominates in a given society.
3. The presence in society of social inequality of a high degree of differences in the ability to meet the needs of different social groups.

Common causes of deviant behavior:

1. Social inequality finds its expression in the poverty level of the population, the stratification of society into rich and poor, unemployment, inflation, corruption, etc.
2. Low moral and ethical level of society, lack of spirituality, alienation of the individual.
3. An environment that is neutrally supportive of deviant behavior.
4. Unfavorable conditions of life and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge, related failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others, conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in the state of health.

Criminological aspects of drunkenness and drug addiction

Alcoholism is a pathological craving for alcohol with subsequent social and moral degradation of the individual. Drunkenness is the excessive use of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.

Acting on the central nervous system, alcohol releases from control the attitudes and habits of the individual. In violent crimes committed by persons who are intoxicated, the dominant motivation is aggressiveness, self-interest or violence, and alcohol motivation acts as an additional incentive.

Alcohol also has an inhibitory effect, expressed in low productivity, lengthening the reaction time to a dangerous situation (often found in careless crimes: motor transport, safety).

The direction of the prevention of drunkenness and alcoholism:

1. Prevention of manifestation in public places
2. Implementation of constant control over the trade in alcoholic beverages, identification of facts of violation of anti-alcohol legislation, application of appropriate measures by its violator.
3. Warning in everyday life.
4. Prevention of drunkenness among minors and young people.
5. Anti-alcohol propaganda, including through the media.

Deviant human behavior is a variant of the interaction of a person with other individuals in the process of socialization, that is, inclusion in society. Let's look at this concept in more detail.

What is behavior?

Behavior - this is a kind of reaction to various stimuli, both externally and internally (other people, information). Sometimes the behavior makes sense, and sometimes it doesn't. A person acts meaningfully, striving to achieve some goals, instinctively - in any ordinary situations (for example, looking in the direction of a loud sudden sound).

What is a norm?

The social norm regulates the behavior of people in society, their relationship with each other and with society as a whole.

There is a notion of normal behavior. This is a historically developed option, it suggests a kind of framework for permissible or mandatory behavior.

The rules can be divided into two groups: officially established (for example, norms of legal laws, various instructions, etc.) and actual . These latter include traditions, norms of etiquette, morality, and so on.

The concept of deviant behavior

How are social norms and deviant behavior related?

Any norm is inherently conservative. However, the situation in the state and society is changing, and, accordingly, spontaneous deviations from the norm appear. After some time, this deviation itself becomes the norm.

Deviant or deviant behavior is contrary to the generally accepted norm, but it must be borne in mind that in different societies the same behavior may be considered deviant or normal, cause or not cause condemnation, and after a while deviant behavior may begin to be perceived as normal.

Variants of deviant behavior

Traditionally, deviant behavior is considered to be one that poses a certain danger and even a threat to the established order. But social deviations can manifest themselves not only in the form of crime. Deviant can be considered the behavior of various prominent people, for example, artists who create their works in some new style or direction. Deviant can be considered the behavior of an inventor, a scientist who completes an amazing discovery, or people who hold radical views.

Researcher Gilinsky proposed his own classification; he singled out two types: negative, that is, harmful to society, and positive behavior. What can serve as an illustration of positive deviant behavior? For example, various forms of social creativity. What is negative? This is dangerous and antisocial behavior: beatings, insults, and so on.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Find out what are the causes of deviant behavior.

The emergence of a new social system on the ruins of the old.
The process of developing a new system, which can lead to various distortions and disproportions.
The needs of society (spiritual, economic, etc.) can outpace the development of society, and this causes the need for deviant behavior.
Perhaps just a random deviation.

There is no doubt that the violation of even the most important norms accepted in society is connected with economic relations. This connection is not direct, but it is absolutely certain. An example is the situation in our country in the mid-1990s. The onset of unemployment and lack of money led to the formation of a large number of groups with deviant behavior: these are criminal gangs, and companies of drug addicts, homeless people, etc.

Another reason is the contradiction between the strata of the population. This is especially true of the relationship between those in power and ordinary people. The hypocritical behavior of the authorities leads to social apathy on the part of the majority of the population. This can also include social injustice and the traditions of deviant behavior that have developed in society (a specific example is the lack of moral condemnation of petty theft).

Types of deviant behavior

What types of deviant behavior are identified by sociologists? Three types can be distinguished:

aggressive deviations ; they manifest themselves in actions against a person: a crime (for example, murders), insults, fights, etc.; they cause not only moral condemnation, but also legal prosecution;
deviations of selfish orientation; these are actions that are associated with the desire to illegally obtain property benefits; this includes bribes, theft, fraud, etc.;
socially passive deviations - these are various options for avoiding solving personal and social problems (unwillingness to study, work, desire for vagrancy, various types of drug addiction and substance abuse; suicide can also be attributed here).

Behavior of children and adolescents

Children and adolescents may be characterized by forms of deviant behavior of all groups: theft, fights, begging, substance abuse and computer addiction, suicidal actions, etc.

In childhood and adolescence, the reason for this behavior is usually adherence to group values. There are various methods for diagnosing the propensity of children and adolescents to deviant behavior and are widely used. Basically, their goal is to identify a propensity for addictions.

Based on the data of these methods, various correction methods are used to protect children from the possible consequences of a tendency to deviant behavior, to teach them to interact with society, to instill the ability to smooth out conflicts, and to respect the norms of behavior accepted in society.

theories

There are several theories of the deviation of the individual from social norms. In grade 11, in a social studies lesson, it is enough to get acquainted with their content briefly.

For example, biological theory says that some individuals have inherent personality flaws that lead to antisocial behavior, interfering with socialization. However, biological theory is currently under considerable criticism. In addition, it cannot explain those crimes and actions that involve a conscious choice.

The socio-psychological theory explains the presence of manifestations of deviant behavior by social upheavals, crises, unemployment, etc.

There is another theory, it is called the theory of stigma, or "labeling". The essence of the theory is that certain groups of people initially cause distrust and condemnation of society; it is as if a person is branded a criminal, and he behaves in accordance with the expectations of society. That is, the behavior is secondary in relation to the assessment, which initially had no basis.

What have we learned?

Deviant behavior does not correspond to the social norms accepted at the moment in this society. It can be positive or negative; negative deviant behavior can be dangerous for the person and others.

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