Zinc sulfide color. Physical and chemical properties of zinc
The invention can be used in the production of electroluminescent devices. The charge of a single-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide includes the following components, wt.%: copper monochloride CuCl - 0.05-0.15; manganese fluoride MnF 2 3H 2 O - 0.2-0.45 or manganese nitrate Mn (NO 3) 2 6H 2 O - 0.196-0.43; ammonium halide - 0.5-1.5; zinc chloride ZnCl 2 H 2 O - 0.25-1, or zinc bromide ZnBr 2 0.28-1.2; oxalic acid H 2 C 2 O 4 2H 2 O, or hydrazine sulfate N 2 H 4 H 2 SO 4, or hydroxylamine sulfate (NH 2 OH) 2 H 2 SO 4, or hydroxylamine hydrochloric acid NH 2 OH HCl - 1-3; sulfur S - 2-4; zinc sulfide ZnS - the rest. The mixture may contain ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl, ammonium bromide NH 4 Br or ammonium iodide NH 4 I as the ammonium halide. The calcined phosphor is cooled, sorted and subjected to chemical treatment, dried and sieved. EFFECT: invention makes it possible to increase the luminescence brightness of the electroluminophore by more than 2 times, to increase the service life of the devices, to provide a color change at a constant brightness level. 1 z.p. f-ly, 1 tab.
The field of technology to which the invention belongs.
The invention relates to luminescent technology, in particular to mixture compositions for obtaining a single-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide used in the manufacture of electroluminescent devices.
State of the art
Known composition of the charge used to obtain sulfide electroluminophores activated with copper, manganese or a mixture thereof, obtained by preparing a mixture containing zinc or zinc sulfide and cadmium, the corresponding activator and coactivator, calcining it under a layer of coal, followed by washing the product with an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, while the coactivator is introduced into the mixture in the form of zinc or zinc and cadmium halides (see AS USSR No. 510497, class C09K 1/12, publ. 06/09/1976).
The absence of ammonium halides in the composition of the charge;
Lack of reducing agents;
Non-optimal ratio between copper and manganese in the composition of the charge;
A large amount of manganese;
Different colors of glow are achieved by separate phosphors emitting blue, green, yellow, orange colors separately.
A charge is known for producing an electroluminophor of orange color of luminescence based on zinc sulfide, including compounds of manganese, copper and sulfur, while it contains manganese carbonate and copper iodide as compounds of manganese and copper in the following ratio, wt.%:
(see A.S. USSR No. 865884, class C09K 11/14, published 09/25/1981).
The disadvantage of this charge is:
Absence of ammonium and zinc halides in the composition of the charge (floods);
Use of single iodine copper (activator);
Contains a small amount of reducing agent due to the use of manganese carbonate;
Low brightness level.
The closest in technical essence and the achieved positive effect and adopted by the authors as a prototype is a mixture for obtaining an electroluminophore of a variable color of luminescence based on zinc sulfide, including compounds of copper, manganese and sulfur (Kazankin O.N. et al. Inorganic phosphors, L .: Chemistry , 1975, pp. 134-135).
The disadvantage of this mixture is the impossibility of providing a change in the color of the glow from yellow-orange to blue through white, depending on the conditions of electrical excitation at a constant level of brightness of the glow due to the non-optimal ratio between copper and manganese in the composition of the mixture, a large amount of manganese.
Disclosure of the invention.
The objective of the invention is to create a mixture composition for obtaining a single-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide, providing a change in the color of the luminescence from yellow-orange to blue through white, depending on the conditions of electric excitation (see table) at a constant level of luminescence brightness with improved color purity and longer service life.
The technical result that can be achieved with the present invention is to improve the brightness of electroluminophores, color purity and increase the service life.
The technical result is achieved using a mixture for obtaining a single-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide, including compounds of copper, manganese and sulfur, while it additionally contains ammonium or zinc halide, as well as one compound from a series including oxalic acid, hydrazine sulfate, hydroxylamine sulfate or hydrochloric acid, and zinc chloride or bromide is taken as zinc halides, copper monochloride is used as a copper compound, manganese fluoride or nitrate is used as a manganese compound, in the following ratio of these components, wt.%:
In the charge as ammonium halide, it contains ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl, ammonium bromide NH 4 Br or ammonium iodide NH 4 I.
The essence of obtaining a mixture of a single-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide.
The composition of the charge for obtaining a one-component electroluminophor of variable color luminescence based on zinc sulfide activated with copper and manganese includes the following components (wt.%):
The components of the mixture are thoroughly mixed, sieved and subjected to calcination in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 850-1050°C. The calcined phosphor is cooled, sorted and subjected to chemical processing by the traditional method for the production of electroluminophores, after which the finished phosphor is dried and sieved.
The introduction of additional components ensures the creation of a reducing atmosphere due to their thermal decomposition according to the reactions, respectively:
The decomposition products of these substances or their mixtures displace air from the reaction zone, protecting the phosphor from oxidation by atmospheric oxygen, and also ensure the introduction of the activator - copper - into the crystal lattice of the phosphor base (zinc sulfide) in the form of singly charged Cu + ions. This leads to an increase in the brightness of the glow of the electroluminophore by 2 or more times, as well as to an increase in stability in operation, which is unattainable without the use of these components.
Implementation of the invention.
Examples of a specific execution of obtaining a mixture for a single-component electroluminophore of a variable color of luminescence based on zinc sulfide.
Example 1. To a sample of zinc sulfide weighing 93.5 g, add sequentially 0.04 g of copper monochloride, 0.1 g of manganese fluoride or 0.1 g of manganese nitrate, 0.2 g of ammonium chloride or 0.2 g of ammonium bromide or 0 .2 g of ammonium iodide or 0.1 g of zinc chloride or 0.1 g of zinc bromide, 0.5 g of oxalic acid or 0.5 g of hydrazine sulfate or 0.5 g of hydroxylamine sulfate or 0.5 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 1 g sulfur.
The mixture is stirred for half an hour and sieved without residue. The mixture obtained is poured into crucibles made of carbon-containing material and calcined at a temperature of 800°C for 1.5 hours.
The calcined phosphor is cooled to room temperature 18-20°C, unloaded from the crucible, sorted under a UV lamp, with λ max =365 nm, sieved and subjected to chemical treatment as follows:
100 ml of a solution of the following composition is added to 100 g of the phosphor:
Add 10 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution (32% solution) and heat to a temperature of 70-80°C with constant stirring. Upon reaching the specified temperature, the heating is stopped, the mixture is allowed to settle, and the solution is decanted. The entire cycle takes 15 minutes. For complete washing of the phosphor, 5 cycles of treatment are repeated, after which the phosphor is washed with water until a neutral reaction in portions of 250 ml of water per 100 g of the phosphor. Only 5-6 cycles. The washed phosphor is dried in an oven at t° 110-120°C for a day to the state of dusting.
The resulting phosphor has a very low luminosity under electrical excitation (1-2 cd/m 2 ) and unsatisfactory color. The color change is from yellow to green.
Example 2. To a sample of zinc sulfide weighing 93.5 g, add sequentially 0.05 g of copper monochloride, 0.2 g of manganese fluoride or 0.196 g of manganese nitrate, 0.5 g of ammonium chloride, or 0.5 g of ammonium bromide, or 0 .5 g of ammonium iodide, or 0.25 g of zinc chloride, or 0.28 g of zinc bromide, 1 g of oxalic acid, or 1 g of hydrazine sulfate, or 1 g of hydroxylamine sulfate, or 1 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloric acid, 2 g of sulfur.
Further processing is similar to the procedure given in example 1, the calcination temperature 900°C.
The resulting electroluminophor has a luminous intensity of 12-15 cd/m 2 . The color of the glow changes from yellow to blue, including cold white.
Example 3. To a sample of zinc sulfide weighing 93.5 g, add successively 0.15 g of copper monochloride, 0.45 g of manganese fluoride or 0.43 g of manganese nitrate, 1.5 g of ammonium chloride, or 1.5 g of ammonium bromide, or 1.5 g of ammonium iodide, or 1 g of zinc chloride, or 1.2 g of zinc bromide, 3 g of oxalic acid, or 3 g of hydrazine sulfate, or 3 g of hydroxylamine sulfate, or 3 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 4 g of sulfur.
Further processing is similar to the procedure given in example 1, the calcination temperature 1050°C.
The resulting electroluminophore has a luminous intensity of 13-16 cd/m 2 . The color of the glow changes from yellow-orange to purple, including warm white.
Example 4. To a sample of zinc sulfide weighing 93.5 g, add successively 0.2 g of copper monochloride, 0.5 g of manganese fluoride or 0.5 g of manganese nitrate, 2 g of ammonium chloride, or 2 g of ammonium bromide, or 2 g of ammonium iodide, or 1.5 g of zinc chloride, or 1.6 g of zinc bromide, 4 g of oxalic acid, or 4 g of hydrazine sulfate, or 4 g of hydroxylamine sulfate, or 4 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloric acid, 5 g of sulfur.
Further processing is similar to the procedure given in example 1, the calcination temperature 1100°C.
The resulting electroluminophore has a low brightness of 5-6 cd/m 2 . The color of the samples is unsatisfactory. The color change ranges from yellow-orange to yellow-green. The white color of the glow is unattainable.
Thus, an increase or decrease in the ratio of components leads to a deterioration in the performance of the electroluminophor, and the resulting electroluminophore according to examples 2 and 3 is optimal and meets all specified indicators.
Dependence of the glow color of phosphor samples on the conditions of electric excitation.
The present invention in comparison with the prototype and other known technical solutions has the following advantages.
Zinc got its name from the light hand of Paracelsus, who called this metal "zincum" ("zinken"). Translated from German, this means "tooth" - this is the shape of the crystallites of metallic zinc.
In its pure form, zinc is not found in nature, but it is found in the earth's crust, in water, and even in almost every living organism. Its extraction is most often carried out from the minerals: zincite, willemite, calamine, smithsonite and sphalerite. The latter is the most common, and its main part is ZnS sulfide. Sphalerite in translation from Greek means snag. It got this name because of the difficulty of identifying the mineral.
Zn can be found in thermal waters, where it constantly migrates, precipitating as the same sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide acts as the main precipitator of zinc. As a biogenic element, zinc is actively involved in the life of many organisms, and some of them concentrate this element in themselves (certain types of violets).
Bolivia and Australia have the largest deposits of minerals containing Zn. The main zinc deposits in Russia are located in the East Siberian and Ural regions. The total projected reserves of the country are 22.7 million tons.
Zinc: production
The main raw material for the extraction of zinc is a polymetallic ore containing Zn sulfide in an amount of 1-4%. In the future, this raw material is enriched by selective flotation, which makes it possible to obtain zinc concentrate (up to 50-60% Zn). It is placed in furnaces, converting the sulfide into ZnO oxide. Then, a distillation (pyrometallurgical) method is usually used to obtain pure Zn: the concentrate is fired and sintered to a state of grain size and gas permeability, after which it is reduced with coke or coal at a temperature of 1200-1300°C. A simple formula shows how to get zinc from zinc oxide:
ZnO+С=Zn+CO
This method allows you to achieve 98.7 percent purity of the metal. If a purity of 99.995% is required, a technologically more complex purification of the concentrate by rectification is used. 
Physical and chemical properties of zinc
The element Zn, with an atomic (molar) mass of 65.37 g / mol, occupies cell number 30 in the periodic table. Pure zinc is a blue-white metal with a characteristic metallic luster. Its main characteristics:
- density - 7.13 g / cm 3
- melting point - 419.5 ° C (692.5 K)
- boiling point - 913 o C (1186 K)
- specific heat capacity of zinc - 380 j / kg
- specific electrical conductivity - 16.5 * 10 -6 cm / m
- specific electrical resistance - 59.2 * 10 -9 ohm / m (at 293 K)
Contact of zinc with air leads to the formation of an oxide film and tarnishing of the metal surface. The element Zn easily forms oxides, sulfides, chlorides and phosphides:
2Zn + O 2 \u003d 2ZnO
Zn+S=ZnS
Zn+Cl 2 = ZnCl 2
3Zn + 2P \u003d Zn 3 P 2
Zinc interacts with water, hydrogen sulfide, is highly soluble in acids and alkalis:
Zn + H 2 O \u003d ZnO + H 2
Zn+H 2 S=ZnS+H 2
Zn + H 2 SO 4 \u003d ZnSO 4 + H 2
4Zn + 10НNO 3 \u003d 4Zn (NO 3) 2 + NH 4 NO3 + 3 H 2 O
Zn + 2KOH + 2H 2 O \u003d K2 + H 2
Zinc also interacts with the CuSO 4 solution, displacing copper, since it is less active than Zn, which means that it is the first to be removed from the salt solution.
Zinc can be present not only in solid or dusty form, but also in the form of a gas. In particular, zinc vapors arise during welding. In this form, Zn is a poison that causes zinc (metal) fever.
Zinc sulfide: physical and chemical properties
The properties of ZnS are presented in the table:
Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) K 3 forms a brownish-yellow precipitate Zn 3 2 with Zn, soluble in HC1 and NH 4 OH.
Experience execution:
Pour 3-4 drops of zinc salt solution into a test tube and add 2-3 drops of K 3 solution there. Note the color of the precipitate formed and test its relation to the action of acids and ammonia solution.
EXPERIMENT 8. Obtaining sulfides of zinc, cadmium, mercury.
Zinc sulfide ZnS is one of the few sulfides that are white in color. Mercury sulfide HgS - found in nature. When heated without access to air, black mercury sulfide turns into a red crystalline substance - cinnabar.
Experience execution:
Pour 3-4 drops of solutions of zinc, cadmium and mercury salts into three test tubes, add 2-3 drops of ammonium sulfide to the same place. Note the colors of the precipitates formed.
Write the equations of the corresponding reactions.
EXPERIMENT 9. Amalgamation of metals with mercury.
Experience execution:
A copper wire or a coin is dipped into a mercury (II) salt solution for a short time. A gray coating appears on the object, which, when rubbed with matter, becomes silvery (copper amalgam).
Cu + Hg 2+ = Cu 2+ + Hg¯
TOPIC: "ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI B (CHROME SUB-GROUP)"
The chromium subgroup is formed by metals of group VI B of the PSE D.I. Mendeleev chromium, molybdenum, tungsten. The outer electron layer of atoms of the elements of the chromium subgroup contains one or two electrons, which determines the metallic nature of these elements and their difference from the elements of the main subgroup. At the same time, their maximum oxidation state is +6, because, in addition to the outer electrons, the electrons of the penultimate d-layer take part in the formation of chemical bonds. Chromium and its analogues do not form compounds with hydrogen. The most typical of them are derivatives of the highest degree of oxidation, in many respects similar to the corresponding sulfur compounds.
EXPERIMENTAL PART
EXPERIMENT 10. Preparation and properties of chromium (III) hydroxide.
Caustic alkalis NaOH and KOH give with Cr 3+ a precipitate of Cr (OH) 3 of a gray-violet or gray-green color, which has amphoteric properties. The chromites NaCrO 2 and KCrO 2 formed by the action of alkalis on Cr(OH) 3 are bright green. Unlike aluminates, they irreversibly decompose upon boiling (hydrolysis) with the formation of Cr (OH) 3:
NaCrO 2 + 2Н 2 O g Cr(OH) 3 $ + NaOH
Experience execution:
Get chromium (III) hydroxide in two test tubes by reacting chromium (III) salt (3-4 drops of Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 with 1-2 drops of 2 N alkali solution). To test the ratio of chromium hydroxide to acid and to an excess of alkali, for which add 2 N solution of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to one test tube drop by drop, and to another - 2 N KOH solution until the precipitate dissolves, after which the solution is boiled.
Experience data recording:
Write reaction equations:
A) Obtaining chromium (III) hydroxide
B) Interactions of chromium hydroxide with acid and alkali, given that in the second case, a complex anion 3– is obtained. What is the name of salt K 3 ?
C) Hydrolysis of chromites.
EXPERIMENT 11. Interaction of Cr 3+ with sodium hydrogen phosphate.
Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na 2 HPO 4 gives a greenish precipitate of CrPO 4 with Cr 3+. The precipitate is soluble in mineral acids and alkalis.
Executing a reaction:
To 3-5 drops of Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 solution add 3-5 drops of Na 2 HPO 4 solution. Test the ratio of sediment to acid and alkali.
Material ZnS (zinc sulfide)
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Optical products made of zinc sulfide ZnS (windows, plane-parallel plates, lenses, prisms and mirrors) are used in laser devices in the visible and IR spectral range, as well as in optical systems for special purposes. The main advantages of crystalline zinc sulfide are high thermomechanical strength, hardness, chemical inertness and transparency in the visible and IR spectral regions (0.4-13.5) µm. ZnS optics are used in lasers operating in the IR range at wavelengths of 2.8, 3.8, and 5.5 μm, in imaging devices for medical equipment, in detection and radiometry systems, as well as in various devices of high-speed aircraft, because zinc sulfide withstands large aerodynamic loads without significant degradation of optical characteristics. |
When operating optical components that experience aerodynamic loads, important characteristics are hardness, strength, crack resistance coefficient and elastic properties of the material.
Due to the above properties, zinc sulfide ZnS is also used as an element of a composite material for coating optics from zinc selenide ZnSe, because zinc selenide is a less durable and less hard material.
The most promising method for obtaining a transparent material of zinc sulfide ZnS is recognized as gas-phase chemical deposition of ZnS during the reaction of zinc vapor Zn and hydrogen sulfide H2S. As a result, polycrystalline zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS (CVD - Chemical Vapor Deposition) is formed. In its structure, CVD-ZnS is a polycrystalline material, the size of microcrystals (grains) is a controlled parameter that varies during the production process in order to obtain maximum strength.
Zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS grown in this way has insufficient transparency in the visible part of the spectrum. The limitation of transmission in the visible range is due to the scattering of radiation by optical micro-inhomogeneities formed during growth in the polycrystalline CVD-ZnS material. Optical inhomogeneities in the form of submicron pores and boundaries between grain layers of different densities have characteristic sizes close to the wavelengths of visible radiation.
Polycrystalline CVD-ZnS zinc sulfide, which is transparent in the IR region of the spectrum, but with noticeable absorption in the visible part of the spectrum, is called infrared IR zinc sulfide grade or CVD-ZnS FLIR grade (FLIR - Forward Looking Infra Red - Infrared Forward Looking System), spectral characteristic transmission CVD-ZnS FLIR grade see below.
It is possible to improve the properties of polycrystalline CVD zinc sulfide during its subsequent processing by high-temperature gas-static pressing - HIP (Hot Isostatically Pressed). As a result of this treatment, transparent polycrystalline zinc sulfide is obtained with the highest possible transmission in the entire spectral range (0.4 - 13.5) µm, while improving the elastic-plastic properties of the CVD-ZnS material. This is due to a decrease in the concentration of optical micro-inhomogeneities, ordering of the structure and strengthening of interatomic bonds. Polycrystalline CVD-ZnS recrystallizes in the course of treatment in a gasostat, with the formation of a structure close to equilibrium, with a predominant crystallographic orientation<111>. CVD-ZnS zinc sulfide, which is transparent over a wide wavelength range (0.4 - 13.5) µm, is called CVD-ZnS MS grade (MS - MultiSpectral), see the spectral transmission characteristic of CVD-ZnS MS grade zinc sulfide below.
In Nizhny Novgorod, at the Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as a result of optimizing the parameters of the gas-static pressing process, a technology was developed for manufacturing transparent polycrystalline zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS MS with a minimum scattering coefficient in the visible range at the highest possible strength and hardness of the material, . The parameters of transparent polycrystalline zinc sulfide (CVD-ZnS MS) corresponding to the level of world standards were obtained: scattering coefficient in the visible spectral range 0.04 (1/cm) at a wavelength of 0.5 μm; mechanical characteristics - bending strength - 85 MPa, hardness - 2 GPa, ductile fracture coefficient - 0.8 (MPa m1/2).
Elektrosteklo LLC grows and offers both types of CVD zinc sulfide described above: CVD-ZnS FLIR grade and CVD-ZnS MS grade, and also manufactures optical products from these polycrystalline materials.
The company produces from zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS FLIR grade optical components for IR systems (usually operating in the range of (8 - 13) microns), namely: CVD-ZnS windows, CVD-ZnS protective windows-plates, wedges, lenses, menisci , as well as blanks for the optical products listed above. The maximum dimensions of manufactured parts: ZnS blanks and ZnS windows (plates) - up to (200x500) mm, 15 mm thick, ZnS fairings - diameter up to 300 mm.
Transmission spectrum (T) of a polished window made of zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS FLIR grade 5 mm thick in the range (2.5 – 25.0) µm.
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In addition, Elektrosteklo LLC supplies polycrystalline zinc sulfide (CVD-ZnS MS) and products from it for operation in the spectral range (0.4 - 13.5) microns. The company produces optical components from zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS MS: windows, plates, lenses, wedges, as well as blanks for the optical products listed above. The maximum diameter of Multispectral CVD-ZnS parts is up to 200 mm.
Transmission spectrum (T) of a polished window made of transparent zinc sulfide CVD-ZnS MS grade (MultiSpectral) 5 mm thick in the ranges (200 - 1100) nm and (2.5 - 25) µm.
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Elektrosteklo LLC offers the production of ZnS optical products, for details, see the Catalog.
Currently, Elektrosteklo LLC manufactures CVD-ZnS FLIR grade zinc sulfide for IR systems, as well as sapphire (leucosapphire), CVD-ZnSe, silicon, Ge, CaF2, BaF2, MgF2, LiF, glass and quartz glass.
You may find the required ZnS optics in our online warehouse, see .
Material Properties ZnS Zinc Sulfide
| PARAMETER | MEANING | |||
| OPTICAL PROPERTIES ZnS (zinc sulfide) | ||||
| Transmission range | 0.37 - 13.5 µm | |||
| Refractive index, n | 2.20084 (l = 10 µm) | |||
| Return Loss | 24.7% (l = 10 µm, 2 surfaces) | |||
| dn/dT | 38.7 x 10 -6 /K l = 3.39 µm | |||
| Absorption coefficient | 0.6 x10 -3 cm -1, l = 3.8 µm | |||
| PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ZnS (zinc sulfide) | ||||
| Density | 4.09 g/cm3 | |||
| Melting temperature | 1827° C (dissociates at 700° C) | |||
| Coefficient of thermal conductivity | 27.2 W/(m K) at 298 K | |||
| Thermal expansion coefficient | 6.5 x 10 -6 /K at 273 K | |||
| Knoop hardness | 160 (indenter weight 50 g) | |||
| Specific heat | 515 J/(kg K) | |||
| Dielectric constant | 8 | |||
| Young's modulus, E | 74.5 GPa | |||
| Elastic limit | 68.9 MPa | |||
| Poisson's ratio | 0.28 | |||
| CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ZnS (zinc sulfide) | ||||
| Solubility | 65 x 10 -6 g / 100 g of water | |||
| Molecular weight | 97.43 | |||
| Class | Polycrystalline, cubic, ZnS structure. | |||
Refractive index
| Wavelength, µm | 0.405 | 0.436 | 0.468 | 0.480 | 0.509 | 0.546 | 0.588 | 0.644 | 0.668 | 0.706 | Refractive index of ZnS (zinc sulfide) | 2.545 | 2.489 | 2.449 | 2.437 | 2.413 | 2.388 | 2.368 | 2.347 | 2.340 | 2.331 |
| Wavelength, µm | 0.780 | 0.795 | 0.852 | 0.894 | 1.014 | 1.129 | 1.530 | 2.058 | 3.000 | 3.500 | Refractive index | 2.317 | 2.314 | 2.306 | 2.302 | 2.292 | 2.285 | 2.272 | 2.264 | 2.258 | 2.255 |
| Wavelength, µm | 4.000 | 4.500 | 5.000 | 8.000 | 9.000 | 10.00 | 11.25 | 12.00 | 13.00 | Refractive index | 2.252 | 2.250 | 2.247 | 2.223 | 2.213 | 2.201 | 2.183 | 2.171 | 2.153 |
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