• Domestic science and medicine in the 19th - early 20th centuries Chemistry of the 19th century in medicine
• What are peptides? Types and types of peptides. All about peptides and anti-aging cosmetics with peptides Additional peptides are not formed
• Toxic effect on humans of hazardous chemicals
• Radioautography Method of autoradiography in cytology
• Identification of bacteria by antigenic structure
• Organic matter in wastewater What are organic compounds in water
• Hydrogen index (pH factor)
• What is the pH of water and why is it important to know it?
• Redox potential Redox systems
• Reversible redox system Reversible redox systems

>TO CHAPTER III

F i r o v s k i y "N. A., Sedimentometric analysis. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1948. 415 p.

TO CHAPTERS IV-VI

De Boer, J. Dynamic nature of adsorption. Per. from English, ed.

V. M. Gryaznova. M., Izdatinlit, 1962, 290 p. Course of physical chemistry. T. I. Under the editorship of Ya. I. Gerasimov. M., "Chemistry", 1970".

592 p. See p. 412-557. Lipatov Yu. S., Sergeeva L. M. Adsorption of polymers. Kyiv, "Naukova

Dumka", 1972. 233 p.

TO CHAPTER VII

Electrical properties of capillary systems. (Collection) Ed. P. A. Rebinder. M. - L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956. 352 p.

Electrosurface phenomena in disperse systems. (Collection) Ed. O. N. Grigorov and D. A. Friedrichsberg. M., "Nauka", 1972. 192 p.

Grigorov O. N. Electrokinetic phenomena. Publishing house of Leningrad State University, 1973. 168 p.

TO CHAPTER VIII

Berestneva Z. Ya., Kargin V. A. On the mechanism of formation of colloidal

particles. Success Khim., 1955, v. 24, p. 249. Rebinder P. A. Modern problems of colloid chemistry.

1958, v. 20, p. 527.

Rebinder P. A. et al. About thermodynamically equilibrium two-phase disperse systems. colloidal Zh., 1970, v. 32, p. 480.

TO CHAPTER IX

Deryagin BV Modern theory of stability of lyophobic suspensions and sols. Proceedings of the 3rd All-Union Conference on colloidal chemistry, M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1956, p. 235.

Voyutsky SS, Pannch RM Aggregative stability of polymer dispersions and zeta potential. Success Khim., 1956, v. 25, p. 157. B. V. Deryagnin and I. I. Abrikosova, E. I. Lifshnz, Molecular attraction of condensed bodies. Success physical Nauk, 1958, v. 64, p. 493.

Sontag G., Strenge K Coagulation and stability of disperse systems. Per. with it., ed. O. G. Usyarova. L., "Chemistry", 1973. 152 p.

Research in the field of surface snl. (Collection) Ed. B.V. Deryagina. In 5 vols. T. 1-5. M., "Science", 1961-1974.

Volarovnch MP Investigation of rheological properties of disperse systems.

colloidal Zh., 1954, v. 16, p. 227. Mikhailov N. V., Rebinder P. A. On structural and mechanical properties

dispersed and high-molecular systems. Colondn. Zh, 1955, v. 17,

Structure formation in dispersed systems in the presence of complete electrolytes. (Collection). Ed. K. S. Akhmedova. Tashkent, Publishing House of the FAN of the Uzbek SSR, 1970. 174 p.

Efremov IF Periodic colloidal structures. L, "Chemistry", 1971. Research on physical and chemical contact interactions. (Collection) Ed. G. I. Fuchs. Ufa, Bashkir book publishing house, 1971. 228 p.

TO CHAPTER XI

Amelin A. G. Theoretical foundations of fog formation during condensation

pair. Ed. 3rd. M., "Chemistry", 1972. 304 p. Fuchs N.A. Mechanics of aerosols. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. 352 p. Deryagnn BV Aerosols (smoke and fogs). M.., "Knowledge", 1961. 32 p. Fuchs N.A. Advances in aerosol mechanics. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1961. 159 p.

TO CHAPTER XII

Clayton W. Emulsin. Per. from English, ed. P. A. Rebinder. M., Izdat-nnlit, 1950. 680 p.

Chukhrov FV Colloids in the earth's crust. M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. 671 p. Voyutsky SS On the reasons for the aggregative stability of emulsions. Success hnm., 1961, v. 30, p. 1237.

Sherm and F. Emulsin. Per. from English, ed. A. A. Abramzon. L., "Chemistry", 1972, 448 p.

TO CHAPTER XIII

Vinogradov GV Soaps, solutions and gels of soaps. Success khnm., 1961, v. 20. Schwartz A., Perry J., Burch J. Surfactants and

detergents. Per. from English, ed. A. B. Taubman. M, Izdatinlit,

Rebinder P.A. Surfactants and their application. Chem. Nauka i prom., 1959, v. 5, p. 554.

Shtupel G. Synthetic detergents and cleaning agents. Per. with it., ed. A. I. Gershenovich. M., Goskhimnzdat, 1960. 672 p.

Shenfeld. Non-ionic detergents. Per. with em., ed. A. I. Gershenovich. M, "Chemistry", 1965. 487 p.

Shinoda K. Colloidal surface-active substances. Per. from English, ed. A. B. Taubman and Z. N. Markina. M., Mir, 1966. 320 p.

TO CHAPTER XIV

Voyutsky S.S. Solutions of macromolecular compounds. Ed. 2nd. M., Goskhnmizdat, 1960. 131 p. Tager A. A. Physics and Technology of Polymers. Ed. 2nd. M., "Khnmnya", 1968. 536 p. Moravec G. Macromolecules in solution. Per. from English, ed. V. A. Kargn and I. A. Tutorsky. M., "Mnr", 1967. 398 p.

SUBJECT INDEX

Abramson, electrophoresis device

211 s. Light absorption 39-42

l light scattering 40

fictitious 40 sl. Avogadro, number 64 w., 72 w. agar

gelling solution 484

as polyelectrolyte 468

swelling, functions 447

solution, critical shear stress 487 Aggregate(s) (micelles) 243 cl.

molecules of surfactants 405 Aggregative

instability 11, 18 sl.

Lyophobic systems 260 aerosol resistance 347 cl.

Zoley 282

Colloids 259 cl.

Latex 383 cl.

Lyophobic systems 260 cl.

Solutions of polymers 465 sl.

Suspensions 367

Emulsion 371 cl. fluidization 353

Aggregate state of the dispersed phase

and disperse medium 24 cl. Aggregation

in* lyosols 68

distant 279

particles during coagulation 262, 268

number 405 Adhesion 167 w. Adsorbate 81

Adsorbents)" 81, 109 sl.

dynamic activity 112

Static 112 amorphous 149 acidic 149 ipolar 139, 141 and e porous 109 basic 149

specific surface 99, 135

polar 139, 141

porosity 139

porous 109

properties 109, 139

characteristic curve 95

affinity ratio 96

Adsorbtiv 81

monomolecular layer 90

properties, influence and adsorption 111 sl. Adsorption

azeotropy 143

column 144

volume 93 sl.

decrease in hardness 233 poteindaal 94 sl., 187, 189,

General 187

Electric 187 balance 107, 142 power 85 sl., 89

Potential 86 layer 128 sl., 185

High viscosity 392

Charge 187

Micelles 244

orientation of molecules 129, 141

SAW 410 sl

| polymolecular 284 cl

Stabilizing action 283 cl.

Building 97, 128 sl.

Stern 198 coagulation theory 289

Adsorption

theory of crystallization 226 Adsorption 81 sl.

activated 103

wai der waalsowa 81

influence on coagulation 296

Adsorbent porosity 139 sl. under static conditions 112 gases from a mixture of 112 cl.

For solids 88 *- for coal 111 hydrolytic 153 dynamic 112 time dependence 141 sl.

From pressure 83

from the concentration of the solution 141 cl. t * - from the nature of the adsorbent 146 cl.

From solvent 138 cl.

From the properties of the adsorbent 109 sl. adsorbtive 111 cl.

From temperature 83, 141 sl. and hydrogen bond 87 cl.

and completion of crystals 147 cl, selective 172 isopics 83 isosteres 83

isotherms 83 lines, 91 lines, 96, 98, 123, 142 lines.

from solutions, molecular weight 137 cl.

in nature and technology 143 sl.

from a mixture of 137 ionic 146 cl-kinetic curves 107 cl. oxygen in carbon 104 quantitative characteristics 83 crystals 147 cl. molecular 137 cl.

Influence of adsorbent and adsorbate

time 141 sl.

solution concentration 141 cl.

Wednesday 138 sl.

temperature 141 cl.

From solutions 137 ate. myomolecular 88 cl.

at the boundary solution - gas 114 cl

Surfactants have a polar (asymmetric) molecular structure, are able to adsorb at the interface between two media and reduce the free surface energy of the system. Quite minor additions of surfactants can change the surface properties of the particles and give the material new qualities. The action of surfactants is based on the phenomenon of adsorption, which simultaneously leads to one or two opposite effects: a decrease in the interaction between particles and stabilization of the interface between them due to the formation of an interfacial layer. Most surfactants are characterized by a linear structure of molecules, the length of which significantly exceeds the transverse dimensions (Fig. 15). Molecular radicals consist of groups that are related in their properties to solvent molecules, and of functional groups with properties that are sharply different from them. These are polar hydrophilic groups, having pronounced valence bonds and having a certain effect on wetting, lubricating and other actions associated with the concept of surface activity . In this case, the stock of free energy decreases with the release of heat as a result of adsorption. Hydrophilic groups at the ends of non-polar hydrocarbon chains can be hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino - NH 2, sulfo - SO and other strongly interacting groups. Functional groups are hydrophobic hydrocarbon radicals characterized by secondary valence bonds. Hydrophobic interactions exist independently of intermolecular forces, being an additional factor contributing to the convergence, "sticking together" of non-polar groups or molecules. The adsorption monomolecular layer of surfactant molecules is oriented by the free ends of hydrocarbon chains from

the surface of the particles and makes it non-wettable, hydrophobic.

The effectiveness of a particular surfactant additive depends on the physicochemical properties of the material. A surfactant that has an effect in one chemical system may have no effect or the opposite effect in another. In this case, the surfactant concentration is very important, which determines the degree of saturation of the adsorption layer. Sometimes high-molecular compounds exhibit an action similar to surfactants, although they do not change the surface tension of water, such as polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivatives, starch, and even biopolymers (protein compounds). The effect of surfactants can be exerted by electrolytes and substances insoluble in water. Therefore, it is very difficult to define the concept of "surfactant". In a broad sense, this concept refers to any substance that, in small quantities, noticeably changes the surface properties of the disperse system.

The classification of surfactants is very diverse and in some cases contradictory. Several attempts have been made to classify according to different criteria. According to Rebinder, all surfactants are divided into four groups according to the mechanism of action:

- wetting agents, defoamers and foaming agents, i.e. active at the liquid-gas interface. They can reduce the surface tension of water from 0.07 to 0.03–0.05 J/m2;

– dispersants, peptizers;

– stabilizers, adsorption plasticizers and thinners (viscosity reducers);

- detergents that have all the properties of surfactants.

Abroad, the classification of surfactants according to their functional purpose is widely used: thinners, wetting agents, dispersants, deflocculants, foaming agents and defoamers, emulsifiers, and stabilizers of disperse systems. Binders, plasticizers and lubricants are also released.

According to the chemical structure, surfactants are classified depending on the nature of hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic radicals. Radicals are divided into two groups - ionic and nonionic, the first can be anionic and cationic.

Nonionic surfactants contain non-ionizable end groups with a high affinity for the dispersion medium (water), which usually include oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms. Anionic surfactants are compounds in which a long hydrocarbon chain of molecules with a low affinity for the dispersion medium is part of the anion formed in an aqueous solution. For example, COOH is a carboxyl group, SO 3 H is a sulfo group, OSO 3 H is an ether group, H 2 SO 4, etc. Anionic surfactants include salts of carboxylic acids, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, etc. Cationic substances form cations containing a long hydrocarbon radical in aqueous solutions. For example, 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-substituted ammonium, etc. Examples of such substances can be amine salts, ammonium bases, etc. Sometimes a third group of surfactants is distinguished, which includes amphoteric electrolytes and ampholytic substances, which, depending on by the nature of the dispersed phase, they can exhibit both acidic and basic properties. Ampholytes are insoluble in water, but active in non-aqueous media, such as oleic acid in hydrocarbons.

Japanese researchers propose a classification of surfactants according to their physicochemical properties: molecular weight, molecular structure, chemical activity, etc. Gel-like shells on solid particles arising due to surfactants as a result of different orientations of polar and non-polar groups can cause various effects: liquefaction; stabilization; dispersion; defoaming; binding, plasticizing and lubricating action.

A surfactant has a positive effect only at a certain concentration. There are very different opinions on the issue of the optimal amount of surfactants to be introduced. P. A. Rebinder points out that for particles

1–10 µm, the required amount of surfactant should be 0.1–0.5%. Other sources give values ​​of 0.05–1% or more for different fineness. For ferrites, it was found that for the formation of a monomolecular layer during dry grinding of surfactants, it is necessary to take at the rate of 0.25 mg per 1 m 2 of the specific surface of the initial product; for wet grinding - 0.15–0.20 mg / m 2. Practice shows that the concentration of surfactants in each case should be selected experimentally.

In the technology of ceramic SEMs, four areas of application of surfactants can be distinguished, which make it possible to intensify physical and chemical changes and transformations in materials and control them during synthesis:

– intensification of the processes of fine grinding of powders to increase the dispersion of the material and reduce the grinding time when the specified dispersion is achieved;

– regulation of the properties of physical and chemical disperse systems (suspensions, slurries, pastes) in technological processes. Here, the processes of liquefaction (or a decrease in viscosity with an increase in fluidity without a decrease in moisture content), stabilization of rheological characteristics, defoaming in dispersed systems, etc. are important;

– control of flame formation processes when spraying suspensions upon obtaining the specified dimensions, shape and dispersion of the spray plume;

– an increase in the plasticity of molding masses, especially those obtained under the influence of elevated temperatures, and the density of manufactured blanks as a result of the introduction of a complex of binders, plasticizers and lubricants.

Memories of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Petr Alexandrovich Rebinder, Head of the Department of Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov from 1942 to 1972, about the period of his work in a new building on the Lenin Hills (1953-1972), I began to write on the eve of the next Rebinder readings, which are traditionally held at the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University on the birthday of Petr Alexandrovich on October 3 . This time (1997) the meeting was dedicated to the memory of Doctor of Chemical Sciences E.E. Segalova in connection with the 80th anniversary of her birth. E.E.Segalova worked a lot and fruitfully at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry with Petr Alexandrovich in the field of structure formation of mineral binders.

At the 23 Rebinder readings, reports by E.D. Shchukin "Development of P.A. Rebinder's theory of condensation structure formation" and a report by V.N. Izmailova, V.V. P.V. Nussa, A.N. Ovchinnikova "Relaxation characteristics of water during hardening of cement in the presence of nonionic surfactants (according to NMR data)", which is the development of the teachings of P.A. Rebinder and E.E. Segalova about coagulation and condensation -crystallization structure formation in dispersed systems.

Many of the authors personally knew Petr Alexandrovich and worked with him, others learned from his works. Apparently, among the authors of the reports, I knew Pyotr Aleksandrovich before anyone else. This is due to the fact that my father, Professor Izmailov Nikolai Arkadyevich (Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry at Kharkov State University (KhSU) from 1945 to 1961) had known Petr Aleksandrovich for a long time, and in our house they often remembered Petr Aleksandrovich and spoke of him as an interesting person with encyclopedic knowledge and as a brilliant scientist.

Petr Alexandrovich was connected by scientific interests with many scientists of Kharkov (Prof. Ya.E. Geguzin, O.P. Mchedlov-Petrosyan, S.S. Urazovsky, I.M. Livshits, L.S. Palatnik, S.G .Teletov - Head of the Department of Colloidal Chemistry at KhSU and many others). When Pyotr Alexandrovich came to KSU, he was surrounded by a "multilayer" (to use the term of colloidal chemistry from the adsorption section) by venerable and novice scientists who discussed their scientific problems with P.A., and P.A. instantly grasped the essence and gave priceless advice. When there were obvious "mistakes" and erroneous judgments, P.A. always found a mild form that did not humiliate the "misguided discoverer."

Pyotr Aleksandrovich was a deeply decent, courageous, honest and fair scientist. In this I could see for myself in very difficult and anxious days for my father. It was 1952. "Pseudo-scientists" ran amok in the scientific community. They defeated the geneticists in biology and turned to the chemists, trying to destroy the scientists who developed the theory of resonance. This seemed not enough, and here we already got to the theory of solutions, which was developed by my father N. A. Izmailov.

On November 20, 1952, an extended meeting of the Academic Council of the Faculty of Chemistry of KhSU was scheduled to discuss the use of thermodynamics to describe the properties of solutions. In fact, my father was accused of "idealism". Among the members of the extended academic council (with the invitation of professors in the humanities), only my father and his colleagues were specialists in the problem under discussion. In those days, serious questions could be decided, including the theory of activity in solutions, simply by a majority of votes.

For the father, it was necessary to enlist the support of authoritative scientists - experts in the field of activity theory. At the family council, it was decided that I (then a fourth-year student of the Faculty of Chemistry of KhSU) should go to Moscow to P. A. Rebinder, A. N. Frumkin and V. K. Semenchenko and ask, if possible, to reflect their attitude in writing to the theory of activity and the coefficient of activity. All scientists immediately wrote about the usefulness of such an approach in the theory of solutions and thus supported and saved my father and all physical chemistry from pogroms.

When I arrived in Moscow, I first went to Pyotr Alexandrovich's home. He and his family [wife - Elena Evgenievna, daughters Alya (Elena Petrovna) and Maryasha (Marianna Petrovna), mother (Anna Petrovna)] greeted me very warmly. Pyotr Aleksandrovich said, pointing at me, look how young she is and is already helping her father. And then he said, as soon as you graduate from KSU, come to my graduate school at Moscow State University. This visit actually determined my fate. I did just as Peter Alexandrovich said, and I never regretted it.

Petr Alexandrovich began to dictate to Elena Evgenievna a letter, which was read at the expanded Council of KSU, which practically decided the vote of the members of the expanded Council. The authority of P. A. Rebinder was very great. The letter of Academician P.A. A. M. Gorky, Kharkov 1953, pp. 282-283.

The discussion at KSU was completed, the work of N.A. Izmailov developed further, I was preparing to enter graduate school with Petr Aleksandrovich Rebinder. I passed the entrance exams in September-October 1953. This year, for the first time, classes began in a new building on the Lenin Hills. The dean of the Faculty of Chemistry was Acad. A. V. Novoselova. Spacious rooms, beautiful furniture, new custom-made instruments, many of which are still used in the colloid chemistry workshop (determination of the contact angle, measurement of surface tension by the method of the highest pressure in bubbles and drops, determination of adsorption and calculation of the specific surface of activated coal, determination of the zeta potential from measurements of electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation analysis, etc.). The head of the workshop was Assoc. B.Ya. Yampolsky, who did a lot to equip it.

P. A. Rebinder and E. E. Segalova were my supervisors for the preparation of my PhD thesis. The topic of the dissertation work was discussed for the first time with P. A. Rebinder in the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University on October 20, 1953. It was a clear, warm, sunny day, the trees were painted in all the colors of the rainbow. P.A. very quickly moved from tree to bush, raised beautiful leaves, pointed to flowers and talked about a new direction - structure formation in mineral binders, related to physical and chemical mechanics, which, together with E.E. Segalova, he will develop in soon. Interspersed P.A. talked about the merits of rose cuttings, which he bought for the dacha in Lutsino.

The topic of my Ph.D. thesis was "Investigation of the processes of crystallization structure formation in suspensions of semi-aqueous gypsum".

Delivered by P.A. Rebinder and E.E. Segal's goal of the work was to study the physical and chemical patterns and mechanism of the processes of structure formation during the hardening of semi-aqueous gypsum. The main task was to elucidate the causes and conditions for the emergence of a strong hardening structure, as well as ways to control the strength of this structure. Various views in the literature led to the general conclusion that the crystallization of gypsum dihydrate from a supersaturated solution formed by the dissolution of gypsum hemihydrate or preformed colloidal dihydrate particles leads to the formation of a crystalline intergrowth, which is the hardening structure.

For the scientific school of P.A. Rebinder was characterized by the use of several research methods that allow a comprehensive consideration of the phenomenon.

Detailed studies of the processes of structure formation in suspensions of semi-aqueous gypsum, carried out by P.A. Rebinder’s employees and graduate students, made it possible to distinguish three stages of gypsum hardening:

1) The induction period of structure formation, corresponding to the appearance in the suspension of the coagulation structure of the initial crystals of semi-aqueous gypsum and the resulting neoplasms - dihydrate crystals.

2) The emergence and development of the crystallization structure of gypsum dihydrate, which, unlike the primary coagulation structure, is irreversibly destroyed by mechanical action.

3) Decreased strength of the resulting crystallization structure under wet storage conditions due to internal stresses and recrystallization phenomena (dissolution of small crystals and growth of large ones). Hardening structures are thermodynamically unstable; in humid conditions, crystallization contacts (intergrowth areas between crystals) are spontaneously and irreversibly destroyed as a result of dissolution.

PA Rebinder was always interested in the influence of surfactants. In our work, it was shown that surfactants added to water lengthen the induction period of gypsum structure formation and allow increasing strength due to a decrease in the water-solid ratio (W/T). At constant W/T, surfactant additions generally reduce strength by blocking crystal-to-crystal contacts.

The main patterns discovered in the study of gypsum hardening (1957) were then manifested in the study of cement (hardening processes) and individual monomineral binders that make up cements, in the work of graduate students and applicants under the guidance of P.A. Rebinder and E.E. Segalova ( until 1965) (E.A. Amelina, S.I. Kontorovich, B.I. Smirnov, Z.D. Tulovskaya, T.K. Brutskus, E.S. Solovieva, R.R. Sarkisyan, Jerzy Stoklos (Poland), Du Yu Zhu (China) and others).

Pyotr Aleksandrovich was very fascinated by these works and often discussed them. Sometimes these discussions took place in the House of Scientists, of which he was chairman for many years. Usually it was in the evening in the beautiful dining room of the House of Scientists on the second floor. Pyotr Aleksandrovich was always waited by a waitress with lunch (cooked to P.A.'s taste, since he was allergic to some foods). PA Rebinder shared his dinner with Evgenia Efimovna Segalova and me. In the same place, he told various "mixers".

Pyotr Alexandrovich classified the names of people he knew according to various criteria: insects (Pchelin, Mukhin, Osin, Komarov, Blokhin, Muravyov); harmful (Shkodin, Zlobin, Kaverzneva); chess (Peshkov, Shakhova, Konev, Korolev); illegitimate children (Colonels, Tsarevs, Captains, Majors, Soldiers). Once Komarov, Bloch and Lovlya brought an article to P.A. The article was published with a list of the authors of "Catching, Bloch and Komarov".

Petr Alexandrovich was always interested in the regularities of structure formation of macromolecular substances and macromolecular substances in a colloidal state. Major scientists were invited to the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University to give lectures to students and graduate students: Acad. V.A. Kargin, prof. V.A. Pchelin, prof. S.S. Voyutsky.

In 1955 V.A. Kargin, being a professor at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry, organized and headed the Department of Macromolecular Compounds at the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. P.A. Rebinder provided the premises (before the construction of building A) and transferred a number of tasks from the workshop on colloid chemistry (viscometry, swelling). For some time the Department of Colloidal Chemistry and the Department of Macromolecular Compounds had a common Komsomol, trade union and party organization. Petr Alexandrovich loved and warmly treated the first students of V.A. Kargin (now academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.A. Kabanov, N.A. Plate and N.F. Bakeev), was an opponent for the doctoral dissertation of N.F. Bakeev. At this defense, interesting and deep discussions took place on the issues of phase transformations in high-molecular systems. Dissenting points of view were in no way transferred to the results of voting and to the high scientific assessment of the dissertation.

At the same time, Petr Aleksandrovich wanted to develop the colloidal chemistry of macromolecular compounds at his own department, and he invited Professor V.A. Pchelin, a specialist in the field of surface phenomena in protein systems, to the department. After graduating from graduate school, I was assigned to the department in the group of prof. V.A.Pchelina. P.A. Rebinder took an active part in the development of programs for the main directions in the development of colloidal chemistry of protein substances. Among them were the solubilization of practically water-insoluble organic compounds by protein macromolecules; the dependence of solubilization on the nature of the protein, conformational state, etc. At that time, the assumption prevailed that when proteins come into contact with an organic phase, proteins denature.

On these issues, I made a report at the department in the office of P.A., prepared a lot and, as it seemed to me, answered in detail all the questions asked of me. Prylyudno P.A. He praised me, and then said that if I read so much and look for answers from other people's published materials, I would never be able to come up with my own original. I pass on this advice of Petr Aleksandrovich to all graduate students and graduate students who specialize in the colloidal chemistry of protein substances. Indeed, we, together with graduate students (G.P. Yampolskaya and A.V. Volynskaya), discovered the patterns of solubilization, and managed to prove by a number of methods that proteins do not denature upon contact with an organic phase. Moreover, if these are enzymes, then after the solubilization of organic matter, only the Michaelis constant changes, while the catalytic constant remains the same.

The second important direction in the development of colloidal chemistry of protein substances P. A. Rebinder defined "structure formation in protein systems". P.A. Rebinder believed that one of the most important problems of colloidal chemistry (physical chemistry of dispersed systems and surface phenomena in them) should be considered the formation of spatial structures of various kinds in dispersed systems and the control of the processes of structure formation and the properties of dispersed structures, primarily their mechanical properties. (deformation and strength). The development of this section of colloidal chemistry has greatly contributed to the emergence of an independent field of chemical science - physical and chemical mechanics of disperse structures and materials. The task of the new field of knowledge, which unites a number of problems of rheology, molecular physics, solid state physics, mechanics of materials and technology of their production, P.A. Rebinder saw, first of all, the establishment of the mechanism and regularities of the processes of formation, deformation and destruction of various types of dispersed structures.

P.A. Rebinder said that the solution of this problem would make it possible to obtain dispersed high-strength materials and structured systems with desired properties using optimal technological processes for processing various substances as feedstock.

Repeatedly at lectures and scientific seminars, P.A. Rebinder said that chemical science faces two most important tasks: the synthesis of new substances by chemical transformations and the processing of these substances into final materials and products. The second problem is solved by physicochemical mechanics of materials. Petr Aleksandrovich believed that phase equilibria in high-molecular systems, especially those containing crystallizing polymers, can be no less complex than in metal alloys, silicate or salt systems. Physicochemical analysis and the study of phase equilibria should become an equally obligatory auxiliary research method in "polymer science" - the study of polymeric materials, as they have long ago become in metal science, silicate chemistry, gallurgy, technology of fats and hydrocarbon systems. Without an accurate knowledge of all the features of the state diagrams of the studied high-molecular-weight systems, it is impossible to correctly assess the nature of the structural transformations observed in such systems, most often associated with the formation of new dispersed phases.

Gels and jellies of various nature have long been the subject of study in colloidal chemistry. The appearance of a framework in the structure determines the specific mechanical properties of gels, such as strength, reversible deformation, absence of flow, and elasticity. However, the nature of this emerging network, the nature of bonds and contacts, the mechanism of gel formation, and the thermodynamic properties of gels are still the subject of study by many researchers.

In the last (posthumous "Science" 1974) monograph by V.N. Izmailova and P.A. Rebinder "Structure formation in protein systems", summarizing our work, including postgraduate students G.P. Yampolskaya, A.F. El-Shimi, L.E. Bobrova, A.S. Zholbolsynova, M .N. Pankratova, B. Falyazi, regularities of the formation of spatial dispersed structures in protein systems were considered, which made it possible to note the important features of the processes of formation of a new dispersed phase from supersaturated polymer solutions. Thus, gelation is always associated with conformational changes in macromolecules, leading to a decrease in the solubility of polymers. As a result, aggregates of macromolecules, i.e., particles of a new lyophilic phase, arise from supersaturated solutions. Their accumulation subsequently causes the appearance of strong disperse structures. The splicing of particles of a new polymer phase with the formation of a large number of contacts between them (hydrogen, van der Waals, or hydrophobic interactions) leads to the appearance of various types of gel structures characterized by solid mechanical properties.

The strength properties of polymer disperse structures can be controlled by changing the nature of macromolecules (which is provided by the possibilities of chemical modification), as well as by changing the pH of the medium, concentration, ionic strength of the solution, temperature, and the addition of modifying agents. Studies of the kinetics of gelation of biopolymers have shown that the rate of increase in the strength of gels is the greater, the higher the concentration of a macromolecular substance in the system, and depends on the charge of the macromolecule and the temperature of gel formation. Moreover, the assessment of the enthalpy of contacts that occur during gelation (as shown in the example of gelatin) makes it possible to trace the change in the number and nature of bonds between the elements of the gel structure.

Almost all employees of the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University, the Department of Dispersed Systems of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences and colleagues from other republics took part in the development of the new science created by P.A. Rebinder - physical and chemical mechanics. Petr Alexandrovich skillfully coordinated and directed the development of colloidal chemistry and physicochemical mechanics in the USSR. This coordination was carried out through the Scientific Council on Colloid Chemistry and Physicochemical Mechanics, chaired by P. A. Rebinder, at numerous scientific conferences, where P. A. Rebinder was invariably the organizer and simply in his daily work.

Once Prof. Mikhail Ilyich Usanovich (Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry of the University in Alma-Ata). Pyotr Aleksandrovich invited me to this conversation. It was about organizing a department of colloidal chemistry at Alma-Ata University. Prof. M.I.Usanovich said that there is a capable young man, a candidate of chemical sciences, who can head the department of colloidal chemistry, if he is helped. This young man was, now a professor, Dr. Kh. Ph.D., head of the Department of Colloid Chemistry and Enzymology K.B. Musabekov, who has already trained doctors of chemical sciences S.B. Aidarov and Zh.A. Abilov and many candidates of sciences. Some of them worked at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University (A.Kenzhebekov). Students from Kazakhstan were sent to the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University by K.B. .

The main provisions of the scientific direction of the Department of Colloid Chemistry at the University of Alma-Ata were later published in our joint monograph (K.B. Musabekov, B.A. Zhubanov, V.N. Izmailova, B.D. Summ "Interfacial layers of polyelectrolytes (synthetic polymers) ", "Science" of the Kazakh SSR Alma-Ata, 1987)

Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR Karim Sadykovich Akhmedov - a prominent scientist in the field of colloid chemistry, physicochemical mechanics and physicochemistry of polymers, the founder of the school of colloid chemists in Uzbekistan, as well as his students (I.N. Shpilevskaya, L.Yu. Yunusov , S.S. Khamraev, E.A. Aripov, F.L. Glekel, G.N. Virskaya, S.A. Zainutdinov, I.K. Sataev, Z.U. Usmanov, I.K. N. Aminov, A.T. Akhmedzhanova) at the departments of colloid chemistry of Tashkent University and Tashkent Polytechnic Institute, the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan of the USSR maintained a close relationship with Petr Alexandrovich Rebinder. For many, Petr Aleksandrovich or his students were scientific consultants at work, opponents at the defense, teachers underwent an internship at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University, employees of the Department (MSU) lectured in Tashkent.

In Ukraine, on the territory of the Soviet Union, there was the only institute for colloid chemistry and water chemistry. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR F. D. Ovcharenko was its director for many years. The actual leader of colloid chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics in Ukraine was Fedor Danilovich Ovcharenko, a student of Academician Anton Vladimirovich Dumansky - as he is now called the "grandfather of colloid chemistry". Every year on June 22, the birthday of Acad. A.V. Dumansky held conferences on colloid chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics. Colloidal scientists from all over the Soviet Union took part in them, everything was organized on a grand scale and there was a kind of review of scientific achievements. Pyotr Alexandrovich talked a lot in an informal setting with Fedor Danilovich, and they helped each other in solving many problems. At one time, Fedor Danilovich was the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and naturally, he had additional opportunities to influence the development of colloid chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics both in Ukraine and in the Soviet Union. One can write a separate memory about the personality of Fyodor Danilovich, and it will also cause only pleasant emotions for both the writer and the reader.

In 1957, a scientific center was organized in Novosibirsk. For the development of the colloid-chemical direction, Pyotr Alexandrovich sent his friend and prof. A. B. Taubman, a student of A.F. Koretsky, and then P.M. Kruglyakov (student of Prof. P.R. Taube) went there. Young scientists successfully worked, created a workable team, defended their Ph.D. dissertations, there were many interesting practical developments. A.F. Koretsky, using P.A. Rebinder’s theory of lyophilic disperse systems based on surfactant compositions, prepared microemulsion systems (with a phase inversion temperature of about 50 o C), which were repeatedly used (resource-saving technology) for washing tankers from oil. In those years, oil was transported to Cuba, and sugar returned in the same containers.

Frequent welcome guests at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry at Petr Alexandrovich were, then still very young, now head. cafe in colloid chemistry at St. Petersburg University and chairman of the Scientific Council on colloid chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, acad. RAS A.I.Rusanov and prof. A.A. Abramzon (Professor of the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology). It seems to me that their work was influenced by communication with Peter Alexandrovich. I can judge from the posts. In conversations with me, A.A. Abramzon always emphasized that he considers himself a student of Pyotr Alexandrovich, and that he is just as romantic.

Petr Alexandrovich was always interested in the problems of colloidal chemistry in the oil industry. He had many contacts with various scientists in the USSR. I remember the meetings of P.A. Rebinder with prof. I.L.Markhasin (Ufa, Oil Institute).

With the author of the book "Colloid Chemistry of Synthetic Latexes" (1984) prof. R.E. Neiman (Voronezh University) Petr Alexandrovich was connected both by professional interests and by the organization of the All-Union Conference in Voronezh in 1968.

Self-giving P.A. Rehbinder at conferences is worthy of emulation by current and future scientists. He listened to all reports, asked questions and participated in discussions. P. A. Rebinder’s own speeches were always very bright, understandable, he possessed oratory and gathered huge audiences.

This applies to the reports of P.A.Rebinder and at international conferences. In 1968, in August, at the V International Congress on Surfactant Chemistry (Barcelona, ​​Spain), P.A. Rebinder had a plenary report. This time coincided with the August events in Czechoslovakia. At many international conferences, a boycott was announced against Soviet participants, but not where the delegation of scientists was headed by P.A. Rebinder.

The Congress was held in a special building with a complex of large and small auditoriums, with TVs in the halls broadcasting meetings of all sections. The building and auditoriums were decorated with the flags of participants from all countries. Pyotr Aleksandrovich delivered his report in excellent French. At first, the audience listened to the report with reserved attention. Petr Alexandrovich during the report, if necessary, to transfer the slide to another demonstration, he usually said "merci", but this time, apparently, something "stuck", he again said "merci", again the slide did not change, then P .AND. said in Spanish "mucha gracias" and the slide was changed. The hall exploded with applause, listened with delight.

We were all proud to work with such a great scientist. The benevolence and respectful attitude of scientists from all over the world towards Petr Aleksandrovich were transferred to us. At the conference, P.A. introduced us, then still young employees, to well-known scientists.

Report by P.A. Rehbinder at a congress in Spain was called "Interaction of surface and bulk properties of surfactant solutions". The report contained 9 points. One of them refers to the problems of colloid chemistry in biology and medicine: "Surfactants with their remarkable ability to form adsorption layers at phase boundaries are becoming increasingly important for the scientific substantiation of the most physiologically (pharmacologically) active substances that effectively affect the activity of a living organism. Surface activity can strongly depend on the nature of the phase interface, so it should be measured for a "model", liquid interface closest to the one actually present at the site of action.This is the interface of an aqueous solution / oil (lipoid medium), simulating the phase separation in the living structure of an organ.

The most intense physiological action corresponds to saturation of the adsorption layer. It is achieved at the lower concentration of the substance in the volume of the solution, the higher its surface activity.

This general principle is valid for active substances such as anesthetics and analgesics, drugs, substances that activate or, conversely, depress the respiratory function. The same principle - the natural development of Traube's views - obviously forms the basis for the action of active substances on living organisms in a very small (homeopathic) concentration. Surfactant additives contribute to the absorption and digestion of food and, above all, fats. In this regard, the most typical biological surfactants, bile cholic acids, are of decisive importance. Many vitamins have a pronounced surface activity and promote the absorption of food. The dispersing (peptizing) effect of surfactants increases the permeability of living cell membranes in relation to physiologically active substances and nutrients, promoting the growth of body tissues and cell division. If the pores of the membrane are hydrophobic, then the surfactant can increase the permeability by exhibiting a wetting effect, i.e., changing the sign of capillary pressure towards capillary absorption on the menisci in thin pores. The surfactant itself always has an increased permeability due to surface diffusion, i.e. the tendency of the molecules of the adsorption layer to spread over the largest possible surface.

Many of these biological applications of surfactants are determined not by the reduced interfacial tension itself, but by the formation of an adsorption layer of surfactant at the phase boundary associated with it, with all the consequences determined by the properties of this layer. The interfacial tension itself acquires the main role only when it becomes very small. At an interfacial tension of the order of tenths or hundredths of mJ/m 2, as is known, at ordinary temperature a condition arises close to spontaneous dispersion - a colloidal emulsion or suspension is formed under the influence of such minor influences as, for example, convection flows in a liquid dispersion medium caused by local temperature changes. Such spontaneous dispersion under the influence of additives of soap-like surfactants leads to the formation of emulsions that are well absorbed by organisms and are therefore particularly effective in terms of toxic (pesticides) or pharmacological action (drug emulsions) or, finally, as food emulsions.

This is the conclusion of the report by P.A. Rebinder is modern and refers to the colloid-chemical problems of life science "Life science", which are still being developed at the department (V.N. Izmailova, G.P. Yampolskaya "Properties of Protein Layers of Liquid Interfaces. Monograph in "Proteins at Liquid Interfaces, in" Studies of Interface Science D. Mobius and R. Miller (Eds) vol 7, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1998, p.103-148).

During the conference in Spain, all participants were invited to a bullfight. Pyotr Alexandrovich refused and said: "I am an animal lover." But when we were in the Prado Museum and in the Escurial Palace, Petr Alexandrovich enjoyed the paintings of El Greco, Goya, Velazquez, Murillo. He was happy to talk about the plots of the paintings and the work of the great masters. Excellent P.A. Rebinder knew the history of Spain, however, as well as many other countries.

The great contribution of P.A. Rebinder introduced the stability factor formulated by him - "Structural-mechanical barrier". The entry into science of the "Structural-mechanical barrier according to Rehbinder" as a strong stabilization factor was not easy. In 1961, discussion articles on the problem of stability were published on the pages of the Colloid Journal. In the article by P.A. "The problem of aggregative stability is without a doubt the main and most peculiar problem of colloid chemistry. At the same time, this main problem is the least developed and still causes heated discussions, despite the extensive experimental material of both laboratory research and industrial-technological nature."

At this time prof. S.S. Voyutsky prepared the textbook "Course of colloidal chemistry". Petr Alexandrovich asked me to be the scientific editor of this textbook and especially drew my attention to the fact that S.S. Voyutsky in ch. IX "Stability and coagulation of colloidal systems" correctly reflected the position on the structural-mechanical barrier.

With great pleasure I accepted the offer of P.A. Rebinder and S.S. Voyutsky to be the scientific editor of the textbook. For me it was a chance to work on the problems of colloidal education with such eminent scientists in an informal setting. The work proceeded as follows. At first I read the textbook and made all sorts of comments. Then they were coordinated with P.A. Rebinder and S.S. Voyutsky. The result was that S.S. Voyutsky included in Ch. IX ideas about the structural-mechanical barrier of stability, edited by P.A. Rebinder.

My comments and suggestions to the textbook by S.S. Voyutsky were set out on 74 pages of typewritten text. With the final version of the comments, we worked with Pyotr Aleksandrovich at the dacha in Lutsino. They played tennis during the day. Elena Evgenievna took care of us, a meal was held on the large veranda with the same compote of rhubarb and well-brewed tea. At the feet of Pyotr Alexandrovich, a German shepherd named Urs fawned over. All this impressed me very much. Pyotr Alexandrovich read my opus and said that everything was well written and business-like.

The discussion on the structural-mechanical barrier in the stability of disperse systems led to the fact that my first PhD student from Egypt, A.F. El-Shimi, together with P.A. And already in 1966 in Berlin at the III International Congress on Surfactants, we presented a report in which there were results on the correlation of the lifetime of elementary gas bubbles and drops (according to the method proposed by P.A. Rehbinder and E.K. Wenström in 1932) and the rheological parameters of the interfacial adsorption layers of gelatin (determined on the Rebinder and Trapeznikov apparatus) with a wide variation in concentration, pH, temperature, and additions of low molecular weight surfactants to the oil phase.

At the conference in Berlin, we were met by Dr. H. Sonntag (previously he worked at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry of Moscow State University in 1957-1958). His works are devoted to the issues of stability, including stabilization by macromolecular compounds. In "Colloids and Surfaces" in 1998, in the issue dedicated to the memory of H. Sonntag in 1998, the article "V. Izmailova, G. Yampolskaya "Concentrated emulsions stabilized by macromolecules and the contributions of Hans Sonntag to this scientific field" should be published. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 1998.

While traveling through Germany (GDR) in Saxon Switzerland, Pyotr Alexandrovich, unexpectedly for everyone, climbed onto the railing of the bridge, which was laid over the abyss, and walked along the railing without losing his balance. I still have a photo of this episode, when I look at it, it takes my breath away.

At a conference in Berlin, P.A. Rebinder and his collaborators met as old friends with the Bulgarian scientists A.D. Sheludko, D. Platikanov and D. Exerova. Now D. Platikanov is the head of the Department of Physical Chemistry at Sofia University, and D. Exerova is the head of a department at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the BAN. In 1997 they organized the 9th International Conference on Surface and Colloidal Chemistry in Sofia. This conference was dedicated to the memory of Academician A.D. Sheludko.

At the conference in Sofia there was a report by ED Shchukin "Development of physical and chemical mechanics in the works of Petr Aleksandrovich Rebinder and his school". My report "Rheological Properties of Interfacial Adsorption Layers of Proteins" also demonstrated the development of PA Rehbinder's ideas on the determining role of the rheological parameters of interfacial layers of a stabilizer in the stability of films, emulsions and foams. Many speakers recalled the name of Peter Alexandrovich.

The conditions for the implementation of the structural-mechanical barrier of stability according to Rehbinder include the adsorption of the stabilizer on the interfacial boundary with the formation of an interfacial layer with mechanical properties, and the simultaneous lyophilization of the interfacial boundary. It is known that the adsorption of proteins is accompanied by a decrease in surface and interfacial tension, and a sufficiently high water content in the interfacial layer allows us to assume that the complex Hamaker constant is close to the corresponding value of water (10 -21 J). Thus, the structural-mechanical barrier can manifest itself at the stages of coagulation and coalescence. The stabilizing effect of the structural-mechanical barrier in the stability of foams and emulsions was also investigated in the study of the corresponding thin films (free and emulsion), as well as macrodispersions - foams and emulsions. It is known that the stability of primary (ordinary) free black films stabilized by low molecular weight surfactants is described by the DLVO theory. The reasons for the stability of secondary (Newtonian) foam films have not been established.

In the last years of P.A. Rebinder repeatedly discussed the problem of the stability of these systems with A.D. Sheludko, and as a result of the discussions, an impression was formed about the decisive role of the rheological properties of adsorption layers and films in the stability of secondary foam films. In 1971, an agreement was signed on the creative community between Moscow and Sofia universities. Already after the death of Petr Alexandrovich, within the framework of this agreement, which continues to this day (1998), black films of proteins were first obtained and studied in joint work.

Pyotr Alexandrovich Rebinder was also valued at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Petr Alexandrovich together with Academician M.V. Keldysh was invited to the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Pyotr Aleksandrovich enthusiastically spoke about the reception. On the same visit to Sweden, he was presented with a book with a genealogical tree of the entire Rebinder family. The first mention of the Rebinders dates back to 1100 (Johan Rebinder). After 800 years, an entry was made in the book about the birth of Peter Alexandrovich.

In 1996, when I was at the All-Russian Conference on Surfactants in Shebekino, prof. B.E. Chistyakov took me to the museum of Belgorod. In the museum, a special room is set aside for a gallery of portraits of the Rebinders.

At the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University, Petr Alexandrovich was an invariable participant in the meetings of the methodological commission. At that time, I was the deputy chairman of the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Chemistry, and therefore I could observe the work of P.A. Rebinder. Important questions of chemical education were solved. With related faculties (mathematics - prof. L.A. Tumarkin, physics - prof. V.F. Kiselev), the sections of mathematics and physics necessary for teaching chemistry, especially for physical and colloidal chemistry, were selected. Here, the knowledge of P.A. Rebinder as a physicist and mathematician was used (he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University in 1924). Representatives of all departments gathered: physical chemistry (corresponding member Ya.I. Gerasimov and prof. A.V. Kiselev), analytical chemistry (academician I.P. Alimarin, associate professor Z.F. Shakhova and prof. V. M. Peshkova), electrochemistry (prof. N.V. Fedorovich), inorganic chemistry (academician V.I. Spitsin and prof. L.I. Martynenko), general chemistry (prof. K.G. Khomyakov, prof. G D.Vovchenko, Prof. E.M.Sokolovskaya), colloidal chemistry (Academician P.A.Rebinder and Prof. V.N.Izmailova), organic chemistry (Academician A.N.Nesmeyanov, Prof. R.Ya Yuryeva and Prof. Yu.K. Yuryev), chemical technology (Academician S.I. Volfkovich), chemistry of macromolecular compounds (Academician V.A. Kargin). P.A. Rebinder paid great attention to the development of the colloid chemistry course program, which was discussed at the Methodological Committee of the Faculty of Chemistry, and then approved by the Ministry of Higher Education and became a model for the chemical faculties of State Universities.

In this regard, the content of the program correlated with the content of the programs of courses in physical chemistry, organic chemistry and macromolecular substances. For example, adsorption phenomena, the structure and properties of surfactant adsorption layers, the basics of adsorption thermodynamics, the Gibbs equation are discussed in detail in the course of colloidal chemistry, and adsorption from the gas phase is described in detail in the course of physical chemistry. The electrical properties of dispersed systems and electrokinetic phenomena in connection with the stability of dispersed systems are read in the course of colloid chemistry, and the fundamentals of the theory of the structure of the double electric layer are presented both in the course of colloid chemistry and in the course of physical chemistry (this section in the course of colloid chemistry is considered earlier than course in physical chemistry).

The synthesis of surfactants is read in courses of organic chemistry, and their properties and their role in the stability of foams, emulsions, suspensions, the Rebinder effect, colloid-chemical methods for cleaning water areas in courses of colloid chemistry.

High-molecular substances that are in a colloidal state during phase separation at the phase boundaries, due to their large role in stability - ("structural-mechanical barrier according to Rehbinder"), constitute an independent section in colloid chemistry and are naturally considered in the course of colloid chemistry.

The results of these discussions are reflected in the article by P.A. Rebinder "Colloid Chemistry" in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

The methodological commission of the Faculty of Chemistry also solved the problems of the sequence of teaching individual disciplines of chemistry. Once they decided to try to teach students physical chemistry first, and then organic. The experiment failed, I had to put everything back in its place. In the 1960s another experiment was set up. A long-term industrial practice for 5th year students was introduced into the curriculum. The total duration of training was increased to 5.5 years. Students worked for one year at workplaces in different institutes, received a salary, and studied in the evening (16 hours a week). P.A. Rebinder did a great job in organizing jobs for students (only Academician Ya.M. Kolotyrkin, director of the L.Ya. Karpov Institute of Physics and Chemistry, could compare with him). In such training of qualified chemists, there were more minuses than pluses, and this was abandoned after 2 years. Petr Aleksandrovich warned about this and was for reasonable conservatism in fundamental education.

The happiness of those students, graduate students and doctoral students who were lucky to study with Petr Aleksandrovich is to listen to his lectures.

I listened to all the lectures of Petr Alexandrovich - all 20 years of my study and work at the Department of Colloid Chemistry. For two years I was a lecture assistant to Pyotr Aleksandrovich.

At the lectures of P.A. Rebinder listeners received information about the latest achievements of P.A. Rebinder himself. He was very generous in this regard, and his lectures attracted not only students but scholars from many institutions. P.A. Rebinder was an excellent lecturer, his lectures and reports, full of deep content, were full of examples from the practice and theory of science.

There was a brief summary of lectures on colloidal chemistry (compiled by Associate Professor K.A. Pospelova). The lectures were problematic. Theoretical and mathematical substantiation of the basic laws was given. The lectures were illustrated with experiments and posters. They contained a historical note, which scientist was the discoverer, who took part in the development of ideas. The state of development of science today was brought to the attention of students. What tasks and problems need to be solved in the near future were indicated. A possible practical use was pointed out.

For relaxation, to relieve fatigue from students P.A. taught them correct Russian speech: “You can’t talk about yourself, I eat, but I need to eat, and when you invite me, you need to say eat. but your wife.

Lectures Petr Aleksandrovich read in a well-trained voice with a surprisingly pleasant timbre. The speech was accompanied by pauses, there was also a different volume, all this contributed to the increased attention of students.

At the lecture there was always a flask with strong tea, which E.P. Arsentyeva has been brewing for more than 30 years.

Students traditionally asked two questions: 1) What do you drink? And then P.A. was distracted and talked about the dangers of alcohol. 2) Do you like chess? P.A. answered that the mental energy of talented chess players would be better directed to scientific research.

Pyotr Alexandrovich was always strictly dressed (suit, shirts with a tie) in any, even very warm weather, thereby emphasizing respect for others.

The lecture demonstrations thought out and staged under Pyotr Alexandrovich are still shown by A.M. Parfenova, the keeper of these experiments. Pyotr Alexandrovich, when the experiment was successful, especially the movement of the boat on the surface of the water due to two-dimensional pressure, the dance of camphor (dance "twist"), he said: "What a charm, it's better not to go to the Tretyakov Gallery once again and look at the experiments."

The history of chemistry and colloidal chemistry P.A. always sought to convey to the audience, showing the relationship and mutual influence of discoveries in different areas of natural science. One of the doctoral students of P.A. Rebinder prof. N.A. Figurovsky headed the cabinet of the history of chemistry and lectured on history. Under the guidance of prof. N.A. Figurovsky and Art. n. With. T.A. Komarova (graduate of the Department of Colloid Chemistry in 1946) defended several papers on the history of colloidal chemistry (T.T. Orlovskaya, T.V. Bogatova).

Lectures by P.A. Rebinder had a great aftereffect. Corresponding Member I.V. Berezin, the founder of the Department of Chemical Enzymology, said at one of the Rebinder readings that the ideas of micellar catalysis of enzymes placed in reverse surfactant micelles were inspired when I.V. Berezin listened to Petr Alexandrovich's lectures as a student.

P.A. Rebinder and G. Hartley (USA) (1933) were the founders of modern theories of micellization. They simultaneously (and independently) proposed the idea of ​​the structure of spherical micelles in aqueous solutions of surfactants.

Once, when I was at Petr Aleksandrovich's house, he showed me a yellowed newspaper "Pravda" for 1937, where the basement was dedicated to micelles of surface-active substances (surfactants) and it was written that Petr Aleksandrovich juggles surfactant molecules, then their "tails" together in water, then "heads" in non-aqueous solvents, and as a result - that P.A. is a spy for all counterintelligence of all imperialist powers.

Further P.A. He said that after the publication of the newspaper, the telephone went silent, no one talked to him, everyone avoided meetings, and only Alexander Naumovich Frumkin at night on the phone, so that no one could hear, discussed the question "What to do?" Pavel Ignatievich Zubov saved the situation. He was then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and stood up for Pyotr Alexandrovich. Pyotr Alexandrovich was grateful all his life and Acad. A.N. Frumkin, and prof. P.I. Zubov.

In the article by A.N. Frumkin "In memory of a friend" [P.A. Rebinder. Selected works. Surface phenomena in disperse systems. colloidal chemistry. "Science" M. 1978 p.13], written in one breath, contains words of pain from the loss of a friend and gives a high assessment of the activities of Pyotr Aleksandrovich: "Peter Aleksandrovich was an outstanding scientist, one of the best representatives of Soviet science. If our country has firmly taken a leading position in the science of surface phenomena, one of the most important branches of modern physical chemistry, this is primarily his merit.

Public speeches of Peter Alexandrovich were distinguished by their originality. Only, in his characteristic manner, he expressed his thoughts in such a way that one thought was contained in another, another in a third, and so on. and at the same time, a complexly subordinate sentence, was complete. I had a geometric image of such thinking of Peter Alexandrovich from the field of Chinese art of bone carving, when different patterned, lacy bone balls are carved one into the other.

The statements of P.A. and identifying people close to him in the service, in this case we are talking about the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University.

All chemists of the older generation remember the figurative speech of P.A. I.F. Lutsenko (June 7, 1972), when P.A. Rebinder said: "You are a great ironist."

Petr Alexandrovich had good business relations with the entire administration of the Faculty of Chemistry.

Deputy Dean for Administrative and Economic Work A.A. Simatsky invited P.A.Rebinder to the vernissages of his own paintings, he drew well. After the death of P.A. Rebinder, on the memorial marble plaque, which is installed at the Department of Colloidal Chemistry, a beautiful font of letters was made by A.A. Simatsky.

WORKED HERE

OUTSTANDING PHYSICAL CHEMIST

HERO OF SOCIALIST LABOR

ACADEMICIAN

PETER ALEKSANDROVICH

REBINDER

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COLLOID CHEMISTRY

In 1942 - 1972

In front of the watchmen at the entrance P.A. Rebinder always took off his hat. To all P.A. addressed to you and by name and patronymic (students too). He exchanged strong handshakes with men, and kissed the hands of women, not raising the lady's hand, but bowing. He asked young mothers: "How is your baby doing?"

In the years I was reviewing, there were many young people (undergraduate and graduate students) at the Department of Colloid Chemistry. Petr Aleksandrovich knew all the topics of diploma and postgraduate works and often came to defend theses.

Employees, graduate students and graduate students worked selflessly, enthusiastically from morning until late evening. Pyotr Alexandrovich often came to the department late in the evening, after all sorts of business at the academy, institute, etc., opened all the doors of the laboratories, greeted each other, exchanged a few words, and was very surprised if at 21 o’clock one of his employees was not there in place.

After defending dissertations, there was a special ritual. Pyotr Alexandrovich was a toastmaster, spoke the necessary words to the defender, his leaders and opponents, and then the traditional toast was raised "to those who are on the way", that is, who, according to P.A., is already ready for defense. It was nice to hear your name.

In 1997, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, in accordance with the decision of the Council for Grants of the President of the Russian Federation, supported the leading scientific school of the Russian Federation "Physical-Chemical Mechanics of Solids and Disperse Systems". The head of the school was the head of the Department of Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Professor B. D. Summ. Receiving a grant convincingly underlines the respectful attitude of scientists (grant distributors) to the scientific heritage of P.A. Rebinder.

P.A. Rehbinder did create a school of thought from whose founding works modern trends arose. Generations of young scientists will still learn from his work and open up new opportunities for the development of colloid chemistry and physico-chemical mechanics, created by Petr Alexandrovich.

Petr Alexandrovich Rebinder was very loved, respected and bowed before his encyclopedic knowledge, goodwill, respected for the development and solution of educational and methodological problems in higher education, for his fundamental contribution to the development of colloid chemistry, physical and chemical mechanics and natural science in general, and for pedagogical skills by many eminent scientists.

And I will finish my pleasant memories with the fact that the author of these lines was lucky to be a student of Pyotr Alexandrovich and work under his leadership for 20 happy years. Years of joint work are forever illuminated by his scientific generosity, kindness and friendly attitude.

Speaking shortly before his death in front of graduate students of the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov (July 4, 1972), Petr Alexandrovich uttered inspirational words - an appeal to young researchers to devote their strength and knowledge to work, the purpose of which is to preserve health, work capacity and extend the creative life of a person. Pyotr Alexandrovich saw this as the main task of a humanist scientist.

How do you mix immiscibles like water with oil? To connect the unconnectable, you need an intermediary. It is not at all necessary for him to penetrate deeply into the mass of both substances, it is enough to be distributed in a uniform, at least monomolecular, layer on the surface of their contact. Such intermediaries, substances capable of accumulating on the interfacial surface of contact between two bodies, are called surface-active.

Laundry is the most obvious example of the use of surfactants. But they are even more widely used in industry. To prepare a lubricant from dissimilar components, to distribute a polar filler in a non-polar polymer (see Polymers), to separate valuable ore from waste rock - none of these technical problems could be solved if people did not know how to use surfactants.

The simplest of these substances is ordinary soap, i.e., sodium and potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids, for example, stearic C17H35COOH or oleic C17H33COOH; they are obtained by hydrolysis (saponification) of natural fats under the action of aqueous solutions of alkalis. It has long been learned to obtain detergents (they are also surfactants) by the action of sulfuric acid on natural oils. The French chemist E. Fremy was the first to prepare such preparations in 1831 from olive and almond oils. At the end of the XIX century. Russian chemist G.S. Petrov, by the action of sulfuric acid on oil refining products, obtained surfactants - alkylsulfonates, which are widely used to this day. And finally, in the middle of the XX century. organic substances with the general formula were added to the list of basic surfactants:

C n H 2n+1 -CH 4 -O (-CH 2 CH 2 O-) x -CH 2 CH 2 OH

All currently used surfactants are characterized by an amphiphilic structure of molecules: each molecule contains atomic groups that differ greatly in the nature of interaction with the environment. Thus, one or more hydrocarbon radicals in a molecule have a chemical affinity for hydrocarbons and oils, i.e., they are oleophilic. The other part of the molecule has an affinity for water, that is, it is characterized by hydrophilicity. The oleophilic groups that interact weakly with water determine the tendency of the molecule to move from an aqueous (polar) medium to a hydrocarbon (non-polar) medium. Hydrophilic groups of atoms, on the contrary, hold the molecule in a polar environment. That is why such substances can play, for example, the role of intermediaries between water and oil.

According to the type of hydrophilic groups, surfactants are divided into ionic, or ionic, and non-ionic, or non-ionic. Ionic surfactants decompose in water into ions, some of which have surface activity, others are inactive. If anions are active, the surfactants are called anionic; if cations are active, these substances are called cationic. Anionic surfactants are organic acids and their salts; cationic - bases and their salts.

Depending on the purpose and chemical composition, surfactants are produced in the form of solid products (pieces, flakes, granules, powders), liquids and semi-liquid substances (pastes, gels).

The most important areas of application of surfactants: the production of soaps and detergents, textile auxiliaries used for the treatment of fabrics, paint and varnish products. Surfactants are used in many technological processes of the chemical, petrochemical, chemical-pharmaceutical, and food industries.

The general theory of the action of surfactants was developed by the Soviet physical chemist Academician P. A. Rebinder (see Colloid Chemistry).

CHAPTER 1. STATUS OF THE ISSUE, PURPOSE AND TASKS OF RESEARCH.

1.1. Analysis of studies of clay soils treated with stabilizers.

1.2. Experience of practical application in road construction of clay soils treated with stabilizers.

CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SOILS TREATED WITH STABILIZERS.

2.1. Modern ideas about the nature of structural bonds and properties of clay soils.

2.2. Theoretical prerequisites for choosing the type of stabilizer - surfactants and binders for clay soils.

2.3. Theoretical studies of the processes of structure formation in the treatment of clay soils with stabilizers - surfactants without and together with binders.

CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SOILS TREATED WITH STABILIZERS.

3.1. Characteristics of the materials used.

3.2. Sample Preparation Method.

3.3. Selection of the optimal composition of mixtures.

3.4. Analysis of the results of the study of clay soils treated with stabilizers without and together with binders

3.4.1. Optimal humidity.

3.4.2. Water resistance.

3.4.3. Frosty swelling.

3.4.4. Filtration coefficient.

3.4.5. strength and deformability.

3.5. Technological features of processing clay soils with stabilizers.

CHAPTER IV

4.1. Road construction objects.

4.2. Volumetric structures.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Improving the method of designing pavements when stabilizing the working layer of the subgrade: on the example of the Novosibirsk region 2013, candidate of technical sciences Razuvaev, Denis Alekseevich

• Stabilized clay soil KMA for road construction 2011, candidate of technical sciences Dmitrieva, Tatyana Vladimirovna

• Soil concretes based on clay rocks KMA for road construction 2003, candidate of technical sciences Shcheglov, Alexander Fedorovich

• Road soil concrete based on overburden of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province 2007, candidate of technical sciences Lyutenko, Andrey Olegovich

• Soil-lime composites for the construction of high embankments of highways based on clay rocks KMA 2006, Candidate of Technical Sciences Yakovlev, Evgeny Alexandrovich

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "The use of surfactants (stabilizers) to improve the properties of cohesive soils in road construction"

Similar theses in the specialty "Design and construction of roads, subways, airfields, bridges and transport tunnels", 05.23.11 VAK code

• Construction of highways using composite materials based on soils and drilling waste: On the example of oil-producing regions of Western Siberia 2000, candidate of technical sciences Mitrofanov, Nikolai Georgievich

• Improving the quality of cement-soil layers of logging road structures 2011, candidate of technical sciences Chudinov, Sergey Aleksandrovich

• Regulation of the properties of road cement soil by the method of modification with polymeric additives 2009, candidate of technical sciences Golubeva, Elena Anatolyevna

• Improving the Efficiency of Road Construction Materials by Mechanoactivation Modification of Raw Materials 2005, Doctor of Technical Sciences Prokopets, Valery Sergeevich

• The use of nepheline sludge for the construction of highway foundations in Siberia 1983, candidate of technical sciences Beskrovny, Valentin Mikhailovich

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Design and construction of roads, subways, airfields, bridges and transport tunnels", Fedulov, Andrey Aleksandrovich

List of references for dissertation research Candidate of Technical Sciences Fedulov, Andrey Aleksandrovich, 2005

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

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