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• Redox potential Redox systems
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Physical and chemical properties of chloroform

7. Acute and chronic poisoning
Acute poisoning. Animals:
Lethal concentrations for inhalation primer and doses for intravenous administration:

inhalation
Intraliquid (in / w)
Through the skin

14. Emergency care for chloroform poisoning

Fresh air, peace. Prolonged inhalation of humidified oxygen using nasal catheters. Carbogen - in case of respiratory depression - repeatedly for 5 - 10 minutes, s / c corozal (1 ml 10%). Artificial respiration "mouth to mouth" with the transition to controlled with a sharp weakening or cessation of breathing. In severe cases - an artificial kidney, extracorporeal hemodialysis.
In case of ingestion of chloroform, first induce vomiting (carefully - aspiration); in any case, it is necessary to wash the stomach as soon as possible (for disorders of sensitivity, only after intubation). Then prescribe vaseline oil, sodium sulfate and activated charcoal (2 tablespoons per 0.5 l of water). Castor oil, milk, alcohol are not recommended. Further therapy is symptomatic.
Wash affected skin thoroughly with soap and water; in some cases, open (dry) management of the victim is necessary, as with burns.
The affected eye is immediately washed with running water for 10-15 minutes with the palpebral fissure wide open, in exceptional cases a bandage is applied with sterile paraffin oil, and with severe pain - with dikain. Follow-up observation by an ophthalmologist (cornea).
In all cases, hospitalization is indicated. Be careful with underestimating symptoms, pay attention to the latent period.

15. Conclusion
1. Under the action of light, chloroform is oxidized by air, forming carbonic anhydride, hydrochloric acid, chlorine and phosgene.
2. Chloroform is used for: the production of refrigerants, plastics, rayon;in the pharmaceutical industry in the manufacture of antibiotics, hormones, vitamins,cosmetics, toothpastes, as an ingredient and preservative in cough medicines;when fumigating grain, to combat the hangar weevil, grain moth;
In medicine, it was used as a means for gas anesthesia.
3. Possesses genatotropic, nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic effects; causes carcinogenic and mutagenic effects; irritates mucous membranes.
4. Severe poisoning is accompanied by prolonged anesthesia, gastrointestinal disorders, jaundice, oliguria, the appearance of sugar in the urine. In the blood anemia, leukocytosis. Cardiovascular disorders may persist for up to 6 months. With prolonged inhalation of chloroform (2-10 minutes), a lethal outcome is possible.
5. The average daily intake of chloroform with food, drinking water and air for a rural resident is 14.2 µg, for an urban 15.5-17.5 µg.
6. Hazard class of chloroform - 2; MPC SS \u003d 0.03 mg / m 3;
7. It has been established that chloroform has carcinogenic properties (2% of the total number of cancers of the liver, kidneys, bladder attributed to the content of chloroform in drinking water). Therefore, the purification of drinking water from chloroform is important and relevant.

Bibliography
etc.................

The discovery of many chemicals was not intentional, but accidental, during the synthesis or study of the properties of a substance. However, many of the accidentally discovered substances became very important, they were used not only in chemistry, but also in medicine, industry and other fields. Just such substances include chloroform, which will be discussed later.

Name

The name of this substance has several varieties. After all, like all organic compounds, it obeys the laws of the general nomenclature of molecules, trivial names and names based on the composition of the molecule.

Therefore, there are several variants of the name for chloroform:

• trichloride carbon;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: what is it? You can understand from the names of the compound, or you can consider the geometric structure of the molecule.

The structure of the molecule

The chloroform molecule consists of three chlorine atoms and one hydrogen atom, each atom is connected to the central carbon. Essentially, a trichloromethane molecule is the product of hydrogen atoms for chlorine atoms in a methane molecule when exposed to certain conditions.

In this case, all C-CL bonds are completely equivalent, strongly polar. The C-H bond, against the background of other bonds that have appeared in the molecule, acquires even greater polarization and becomes extremely vulnerable. Therefore, during further processing of the molecule, the C-H bond easily breaks and hydrogen is replaced by other atoms (for example, also chlorine with the formation of carbon tetrachloride).

Consider what chloroform looks like. The formula looks like: CHCL 3. The structural formula will look like this:

Both structures reflect the chemical essence that chloroform carries. The formula shows that the molecule is sufficiently stable and that strict conditions must be applied to enter into the reaction.

Physical properties

The physical properties of trichloromethane can be characterized as follows:

1. Under normal conditions (room temperature, normal atmospheric pressure 100 kPa, humidity not higher than 80%), this substance is a strongly odorous liquid that has no color. The smell of chloroform is quite sharp, heavy, enveloping, reminiscent of the smell of ether. The substance tastes sweet, but you can’t taste it, as it is extremely toxic.
2. It does not dissolve in water, it is able to dissolve only in different types. With water, it can form low-concentration (0.23%) solutions.
3. The boiling point of this compound is lower than that of water, approximately 62 0 C.
4. The melting point is sharply negative, -63.5 0 C.
5. The density of chloroform is greater than and is 1.483 g/cm 3 .
6. The strong pronounced toxic nature of the substance in terms of its effect on the body belongs to the group of narcotic compounds.

When dissolved in water, carbon trichloride is able to form azeotropic mixtures. In this case, chloroform in the solution will be 97.5%, and water only 2.5%. The boiling point of such a solution decreases compared to that of pure trichloromethane and is 52 0 C.

Chemical properties

Like all methane chlorine derivatives, chloroform does not exhibit chemical activity. Therefore, there are few reactions characteristic of him. For example, treatment with chlorine molecules in the process of technological production of all methane derivatives by chlorination. For this, liquid chloroform is taken, the reactions proceed according to the type of a radical mechanism, they require the presence of ultraviolet radiation as a prerequisite and light quanta.

CHCL 3 + CL 2 = CCL 4 + HCL

According to the reaction equation, it can be seen that the product is completely chlorine-substituted methane - carbon tetrachloride. Such reactions are one of the ways to produce carbon tetrachloride in industry.

Also, the chemical properties include an azeotropic mixture with water, which chloroform is capable of producing. What it is? That is, one at the boiling of which the components of the solution do not undergo any changes. By boiling, such a mixture cannot be separated into fractions.

Another type of reaction that chloroform can enter into is the substitution of halogen atoms for other atoms or functional groups. For example, when interacting with an aqueous solution, it forms sodium acetate:

chloroform + NaOH (aqueous solution) = + sodium chloride + water

In addition, a practically significant reaction is the interaction of chloroform with ammonia and potassium hydroxide (concentrated solution), since as a result of such an interaction,

Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + + water

Storage of chloroform

In the light, trichloromethane decomposes with the formation of dangerous, toxic products:

Chloroform \u003d phosgene + hydrochloric acid + molecular chlorine + carbonic anhydride

Therefore, the storage conditions for chloroform must be special - dark glass bottles with tight ground stoppers. The vial itself should be kept away from sunlight.

Receipt

Chloroform is produced in several ways.

1. A multi-stage process of methane chlorination occurring by a radical mechanism under the action of ultraviolet light and high temperature. In this case, the result is not only chloroform, but also three other products: chloromethane, dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride. The reaction looks like this:

CH 4 + CL 2 \u003d CH 3 CL + HCL - chloromethane and hydrogen chloride are formed

CH 3 CL + CL 2 \u003d CH 2 CL 2 + HCL - dichloromethane and hydrogen chloride are formed

CH 2 CL 2 + CL 2 = CHCL 3 + HCL - trichloromethane (chloroform) and hydrogen chloride are formed

CHCL 3 + CL 2 = CCL 4 + HCL - carbon tetrachloride and hydrogen chloride are formed

In this way, trichloromethane is synthesized in industry.

2. Interaction between bleach and ethyl alcohol. This is a laboratory method.

3. Obtaining chloroform by electrolysis (the action of an electric current) on alkali metal chlorides in an atmosphere of acetone or ethyl alcohol. Also a laboratory method for producing trichloromethane.

cleaning

After chloroform is obtained, it needs to be purified. After all, if it is used for medical purposes, then the content of impurities in it is simply unacceptable. If the purpose of the application is technical, then the content of foreign substances should be limited.

There may be various impurities that chloroform contains. What it is? What are they?

• Ethanol.
• Hydrogen chloride.
• Phosgene.
• Chlorine.

There are two main ways to purify chloroform from these impurities:

• abundant washing with water followed by drying (allows you to completely get rid of ethanol);
• trichloromethane is washed with a strong acid, then a strong alkali, followed by water. Subsequent processing consists in drying using a dewatering agent - calcium chloride. The substance is then distilled on a fractionating column.

Discovery history

Since when is chloroform known? What is it and why was it used before? Let's try to figure it out.

The first mention of this substance dates back to 1831. It was then that trichloromethane was obtained by the chemist Guthrie from Harbor. However, this substance was not his goal at all, it was a successful by-product. The chemist, on the other hand, was looking for solvents for rubber, experimented and accidentally obtained chloroform.

In the same year and a year later, two more scientists independently obtained this substance as a result of experiments. These are Eustace Liebig (who made a huge contribution to the development of chemistry) and Eugen Suberein. Their task was to find an anesthetic, and they found it. True, they learned about this effect of chloroform and began to use it a little later, only from the 1840s.

The structural formula and the interaction of atoms within a molecule was able to be studied and built by the chemist Dumas in 1834. He also proposed and assigned to chloroform its name, which he gave in honor of the ants. In Latin, the ant is pronounced as formiata, and the content contained in these insects is capable of being formed from chloroform. Based on this, its name was determined.

Biological effect on humans

Chloroform fully justifies its use as an anesthetic. The effect on a person is very specific, covering several major organ systems.

The degree of impact depends on factors such as:

• the concentration of the inhaled substance;
• duration of use;
• way to get inside.

If we are talking about pure, medical chloroform, then its use is strictly dosed, accurately and locally. Therefore, only a few of the possible contraindications are realized. If we are talking about evaporated chloroform in the composition of the air and its inhalation by a person, then here the effect is already much more serious and destructive.

So, when trichloromethane is inhaled for 10 minutes, swelling of the respiratory tract, lung spasms, cough, and sore throat may occur. If exposure is not stopped, poisoning will occur immediately. The nervous system (both the brain and the spinal cord) will be affected, and death is possible.

Also, chloroform has a detrimental effect on the liver, digestive organs and kidneys. Its action is especially destructive if the solution is taken orally. The following reactions of the body to the intake of chloroform are observed:

• dizziness;
• vomiting and nausea;
• persistent headaches;
• depression of the nervous system and, as a result, fatigue;
• elevated temperature;
• allergic rashes, redness of the skin.

Studies and experiments on different animals have shown the following results:

1. Long-term intake of chloroform inside in the form of a liquid causes abortion, multiple pathologies and mutagenesis of future generations.
2. When living in an atmosphere of chloroform, the animals were oppressed, lethargic, and their life span was significantly reduced.
3. Based on experiments on mice, it was concluded that trichloromethane is carcinogenic.

Such results were obtained by chemists and physicians when studying the effects of chloroform on living organisms.

Application in medicine

The first mention of the use of this substance for medical purposes dates back to 1847. It was then that the scientist, doctor, chemist Holmes Kut was the first to suggest using chloroform as an anesthetic. This had a positive effect on the person for the period of the operation - a complete shutdown of consciousness, the absence of any sensations.

However, later, when the patient regained consciousness, it turned out that his nausea and vomiting did not stop. Later, more precise norms for the use of this substance were already established, which made it possible to avoid such consequences.

The English obstetrician James Simpson played a very important role in the introduction of chloroform into medicine. It was he who proved the positive value and effect of the compound during the process of childbirth.

However, over time, newer, safer, and more modern methods of anesthesia have emerged than chloroform. Its use in medicine has practically disappeared. Today it is used in the form:

• ointment component for external use;
• as an additional anesthetic in combination with other substances and only in very small concentrations;
• as drops to relieve nausea and vomiting.

Application in industry

Chloroform is also used in industry. Its use refers to various chemical syntheses, where it plays the role of a solvent, degreaser, main or additional component for obtaining important substances used in all areas of human activity.

Structural formula

True, empirical, or gross formula: CHCl 3

Chemical composition of Chloroform

Molecular weight: 119.378

Chloroform (aka trichloromethane, methyl trichloride, freon 20)- an organic chemical compound with the formula CHCl 3 . Under normal conditions, a colorless volatile liquid with an ethereal odor and a sweet taste. Practically insoluble in water - forms solutions with it with a mass fraction of up to 0.23%, - mixes with most organic. Non-combustible Phosgene poisoning is possible when working with chloroform, which has been stored for a long time in the light in a warm place.

Story

Chloroform was first obtained in 1831 independently as a solvent for rubber by Samuel Guthrie, then by Justus von Liebig and Eugène Soubeiran. The French chemist Dumas established the formula for chloroform. He also came up with the name "chloroform" in 1834, due to the property of this compound to form formic acid upon hydrolysis (Latin formica translates as "ant"). In clinical practice, chloroform was first used as a general anesthetic by Holmes Coote in 1847, it was introduced into wide practice by obstetrician James Simpson, who used chloroform to reduce pain during childbirth. In Russia, the method for the production of medical chloroform was proposed by the scientist Boris Zbarsky in 1916, when he lived in the Urals in the village of Vsevolodo-Vilva in the Perm Territory.

Physical properties

• Refractive index: 1.44858 at 15°C.
• Crystallization temperature: -63.55 °C
• Boiling point: 61.152 °C
• Dipole moment: 1.15 debay
• Dielectric constant: 4.806 at 20°C

Chemical properties

Forms an azeotropic mixture with water (bp 56.2 °C, 97.4% chloroform).

Receipt

In industry, chloroform is produced by chlorination of methane or chloromethane. The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature of 400-500 °C. In this case, a series of chemical reactions take place. This also happens when the mixture is illuminated with ultraviolet light.
CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3 Cl + HCl
CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl
CH 2 Cl 2 + Cl 2 → CHCl 3 + HCl
CHCl 3 + Cl 2 → CCl 4 + HCl
The result of the process is a mixture consisting of methyl chloride, dichloromethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The separation of substances is carried out by distillation.
In the laboratory, chloroform can also be obtained by the reaction between acetone or ethanol and bleach.
Commercially available chloroform contains ethyl alcohol (1-2%) as a stabilizer, which binds phosgene formed during long-term storage in the light and in the presence of oxygen. Chloroform is used in the Beilstein test, in this reaction a bluish-green color of the flame is observed with copper ions.
5CuO + 2CHCl 3 → 3CuCl 2 + 2CO 2 + H 2 O + 2

Application

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, chloroform was used as an anesthetic in surgical operations. Chloroform was first used as an anesthetic in surgical operations by the English physician Simpson (1848). In Russia, N.I. Pirogov first used chloroform as an anesthetic agent. However, in this role, chloroform was subsequently replaced by safer substances. Chloroform is used for the production of chlorodifluoromethane - freon (freon-22) by the reaction of the exchange of chlorine atoms for fluorine when chloroform is treated with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of antimony (V) chloride (according to the Swarts reaction):
CHCl 3 + 2HF → SbCl 5 CF 2 HCl + 2HCl
Chloroform is also used as a drug in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as for the production of pesticides. Chloroform containing deuterium (CDCl 3 ) is the most common used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

cleaning

The cleaning process is divided into a number of stages. First, chloroform is shaken with concentrated sulfuric acid, washed with water, dried over calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate, and distilled. You can check the purity of chloroform by evaporation from filter paper: after chloroform, there should be no smell. A musty, pungent, irritating smell indicates the presence of impurities of chlorine, hydrogen chloride or phosgene.

Impact on the body

Inhalation of chloroform adversely affects the functioning of the central nervous system. Inhalation of air containing about 0.09% chloroform (900 ppm) can cause dizziness, fatigue and headache in a short time. Chronic exposure to chloroform can cause liver and kidney disease. Approximately 10% of the world's population has an allergic reaction to chloroform, resulting in an increase in body temperature (up to 40 ° C). Often causes vomiting (the frequency of postoperative vomiting reached 75-80%).
Animal studies have shown that pregnant rats and mice that breathe air containing 0.003% chloroform (30 ppm) miscarried. This has also been observed in rats given chloroform orally. Subsequent generations of rats and mice that inhaled chloroform had a higher percentage of birth defects than healthy individuals.
The effect of chloroform on reproduction in humans is not well understood. With prolonged exposure to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of a person (2-10 minutes), a fatal outcome is possible. Suspected to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. These properties appear only when the concentration of chloroform in the air is exceeded.
When ingested, chloroform is quickly excreted with exhaled air: after 15-20 minutes. - 30-50% chloroform, within an hour - up to 90%. The rest of chloroform in the body as a result of biotransformation turns into

N01AB02; M02AX10

Manufacturer

Ruiyuan Group Limited, China, Chloroform for anesthesia; Dentalife, Australia; Technochemistry LLC, Ukraine; LLC NPP “SILUR”, Ukraine; OOO HaloPolymer Kirovo-Chepetsk, Russian Federation; JSC "Khimprom", RF.

Active substance

Chloroform

Compound

What is chloroform?

Chloroform is a fatty narcotic substance that has a stronger effect than anesthetic ether.

Unlike ether, it causes the onset of anesthesia much faster and relaxes the skeletal muscles well. However, at the same time, it is characterized as a very toxic agent.

Formula and properties of the substance

Wikipedia about Chloroform says that under normal conditions this chemical compound is a mobile, volatile, colorless, transparent liquid with a characteristic ethereal odor. Chloroform is non-explosive and non-flammable.

The formula of Chloroform is CHCl3. The formula was established by the French chemist Dumas.

The substance is practically insoluble in water and is miscible in all proportions with fatty essential oils, alcohols and ether. It also dissolves well a large amount of organic substances (for example, lecithin, paraffin, resins, rubber) and some inorganic substances (for example, iodine, sulfur or phosphorus).

Chloroform is a rather unstable compound. Under the influence of light and air, it is oxidized by oxygen. The products of this reaction are chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and carbonic acid dichloride (phosgene), a poisonous chemical that has an asphyxiating effect.

For this reason, open flame chloroforming should be avoided. Phosgene poisoning is a fairly common occurrence when working with chloroform, which has been stored in a warm place for a long time.

To prevent decomposition of Chloroform, it must be stored in orange glass jars. For the same purpose, alcohol or - sometimes - urotropine is added to chloroform.

Hazard class Chloroform according to the degree of impact on humans - II (Highly hazardous substances).

Form of the drug

Release form Chloroform is an emulsion for external use in 50 ml vials.

The substance is produced in accordance with the current standard GOST 20015-88.

Chloroform for anesthesia is available in dark glass jars with a capacity of 200 ml.

The action of the drug

Chloroform - what is it?

The mechanism of action of Chloroform as an anesthetic is associated with a decrease in the phase transition temperature of some membrane lipids. This, in turn, contributes to an increase in the fluidity of the membranes of nerve cells.

The narcotic effect of Chloroform on a person is manifested in its ability to influence nervous activity, which is accompanied by a gradual extinction of consciousness, a decrease in sensitivity to stimuli and the loss of the ability to act voluntarily.

A person plunges into a state of intoxication or stupor, accompanied by illusions, unmotivated and uncoordinated movements, delirium, anxiety and - sometimes - an increase in convulsive activity (for example, clonic-tonic convulsions appear in some people under the influence of chloroform).

The local action of Chloroform is realized through irritation of sensitive (receptor) nerve endings and other elements of the tissue system.

Getting on the skin, liquid Chloroform first causes a feeling of cold, which is associated with its evaporation, then a burning sensation and reddening of the skin appear, and when protected from evaporation, signs of inflammation, which are accompanied by the formation of blisters.

Chloroform has an even more pronounced irritating effect on the mucous membranes, while swallowing the substance can cause severe damage to the stomach, hematemesis (bloody vomiting) and diarrhea.

Vapors of Chloroform are not so irritating, however, when they are inhaled, various reflexes arise, as a result of which respiratory activity, heart function, and the functions of other organs and organ systems are disturbed.

High toxicity of the substance provokes the following complications:

Violations of the frequency, rhythm and sequence of contractions of the heart muscle; myocardial dystrophy; cirrhosis of the liver; degeneration (atrophy) of the liver.

Chloroform is one of the first substances that were proposed for use as anesthetics in surgical interventions: it has been widely used in surgical practice since the middle of the 19th century.

How Chloroform acts on a person as a means for inhalation anesthesia

Inhalation anesthesia is carried out by inhalation of Chloroform vapors. Influencing the body, this narcotic substance causes characteristic changes in all its organs and systems without exception.

As the body is saturated with Chloroform, consciousness, breathing and blood circulation of a person begin to change depending on how deep the anesthesia is.

In total, there are 4 stages of change:

I - stage of analgesia; II - stage of excitation; III - surgical stage (this stage has 4 sublevels); IV - stage of awakening.

At the stage of analgesia, which lasts no more than 3-4 minutes, the patient is dozing and lethargic, but at the same time he is conscious and can answer the questions asked of him in monosyllables. He lacks superficial pain sensitivity, but tactile and heat sensitivity are retained. During this period, such simple operations as opening abscesses or phlegmon, diagnostic studies can be carried out.

In some cases, the initial stage of the action of Chloroform is accompanied by expedient reflex movements: patients may try to remove the mask or withdraw their hands.

At the stage of excitation, the centers located in the cerebral cortex are inhibited, while the subcortical centers remain in a state of excitation. The patient is unconscious, but speech and motor excitation is expressed (he may try to get up from the table, screaming).

The skin is hyperemic, the superficial vessels of the body and, in particular, the face are dilated, the temperature is elevated, and the beating of the arteries is increased. The pupils are dilated, but react to light, lacrimation is noted. Often there are bouts of coughing, the secretion of bronchial glands increases, vomiting may begin.

At this stage, it is impossible to carry out any surgical manipulations; at the stage of excitation, they continue to saturate the body with a narcotic substance to deepen anesthesia. The duration and severity of the stage of excitation is individual for each individual patient.

The consequence of the action of Chloroform on girls / women, children and patients whose body is depleted is the short duration of the excitation phase and sometimes its complete absence. Conversely, arousal is more pronounced in people suffering from alcohol dependence.

With the onset of the 3rd, surgical, stage, the patient calms down, his breathing evens out, and the pulse rate and blood pressure indicators approach the initial ones. At this stage, after Chloroform has completely put the patient to sleep, the doctor begins the operation.

The further influence of Chloroform on the reflex centers located in the medulla oblongata provokes a decrease in reflex activity, insensitivity to stimuli and loss of muscle tone by the patient. This condition is characterized as deep anesthesia.

The awakening stage begins with the termination of the anesthesia supply to the patient. At the same time, the level of drug content in his blood decreases, the patient again goes through all the stages of anesthesia, but only in the reverse order, and awakens.

Since Chloroform is a highly toxic substance and has a pronounced inhibitory effect on the liver, central nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, it is practically not used as an anesthetic at present.

If the dose of Chloroform is exceeded during anesthesia, paralysis of the respiratory center may develop, resulting in primary respiratory arrest. The most dangerous consequences are observed from the side of the heart (up to its sudden stop).

In connection with the emergence of new drugs and methods of general anesthesia of the body, it was decided to abandon Chloroform as an anesthetic. However, over time, it was possible to develop an anesthesia method that minimizes all the harmful properties of this substance.

This method involves the use of Chloroform with a strict dosage (dosing is carried out using special anesthesia machines and calibrated Chlorotek evaporators) and in combination with a large amount of oxygen. At a concentration of 3-4 vol.%, such a mixture causes anesthesia without excitation, the optimal concentration for maintaining the III (surgical) stage is 1-1.5 vol.%.

Chloroform - what is this substance and how does it affect the body

Inhalation of vapors Chloroform has a detrimental effect on the state of the nervous system. Inhalation for a short period of time of air, which contains only 0.09% Chloroform, provokes dizziness, increased fatigue and headaches.

The result of constant exposure to the body of this substance are diseases of the liver and kidneys.

According to statistics, almost every tenth inhabitant of the planet is allergic to Chloroform. It is expressed most often in the form of a strong increase in body temperature (up to 40 degrees) and vomiting (after surgical operations in which the substance was used as an anesthetic, vomiting was observed in approximately 70-85% of patients).

Animal studies have shown that inhalation of air containing as little as 0.03% Chloroform by pregnant female rats leads to spontaneous abortion. The same was observed in rats given Chloroform orally.

The following generations of experimental rats and mice, continuing to inhale air with Chloroform, gave birth to a greater number of cubs with various kinds of congenital pathologies than their healthy counterparts.

The effect of the substance on human reproductive function is not fully understood. It is only known that prolonged inhalation of its vapors (within 2-10 minutes) can cause death.

Presumably Chloroform can cause hereditary changes in the fetus and increases the likelihood of malignant neoplasms. These properties appear only in cases where the permissible concentration of a substance in the air is exceeded.

How to make Chloroform at home

On the forums, the questions “How to put a person to sleep with Chloroform?” are not uncommon. and “How to make Chloroform yourself?”.

If putting a person to sleep is the task of an experienced anesthesiologist, then almost everyone can get the substance at home if desired.

Chloroform is a chlorine derivative of methane. It is obtained by heating bleach with ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

Preparation from ethyl alcohol

To obtain a substance in this way, it is necessary to take 430 g of bleach, which contains 23.4% CaO2Cl2, and mix it with 1.5 liters of water. Then 100 g of caustic (slaked) lime and 100 cu. see alcohol 88.5%.

The resulting mixture is distilled, and milk of lime (a suspension of slaked lime in lime water) and calcium chloride CaCl are added to the distillate.

Chloroform It is a colorless poison with a pungent odor that slowly decomposes under the influence of ultraviolet rays and oxygen. As it decomposes, chloroform is converted into other toxins: phosgene, formic acid, chlorine, etc.

Scientific studies have proven that chloroform is a frequent guest in city apartments, this poisonous substance poisons a person's life day after day, destroying the immune system and health in general.

Chloroform at home

Chloroform is extremely dangerous for humans both in water and in air. In almost every house that has a central water supply, the level of chloroform exceeds all permissible standards. Every day when we take a shower or just turn on the water, harmful substances are released into the air, because chlorine and chloroform are dissolved in tap water. Moreover, it is dissolved in very large quantities, because chlorine is a cheap and effective means for disinfecting water.

Surprisingly, in the process of taking a bath or shower, a person absorbs this poison with the entire surface of the skin, as well as through the lungs. Do not underestimate this source of danger, because the pores of the skin, enlarged from hot water, are able to absorb more harmful substances than through drinking. In addition, the steam generated by hot water contains a higher concentration of chemicals than directly in the water. Inhaling poisons through the lungs, the human body is saturated with them much faster than through the digestive tract, because chlorinated water is partially neutralized in the stomach, and chloroform immediately enters the bloodstream through the pulmonary system.

Not only the person taking a shower or bath suffers, the harm of chloroform is experienced by all households, because the volatile compound immediately spreads throughout the house.

The action of chloroform

Not only does chloroform negatively affect the functioning of the internal organs of a person, it also harms the skin and hair, which become very dry after a shower. The sebaceous glands begin to work in an enhanced mode, secreting several times more fat than necessary, and a person soon gets what he has: oily skin and greasy hair that must be washed daily.

From the inside, chlorine also does its dirty work, and the most common consequence of an excess of this carcinogen in the blood is an allergic reaction.

A person for no reason can become covered with a rash, the skin on the head begins to peel off and become irritated. After many years of chlorine poisoning, something completely irreparable can happen - breast cancer. Although it is still not known for certain about the causes of the growth of malignant tumors, chlorine cannot be written off, because in women with malignant tumors, doctors find one and a half times more chlorine in the breast tissue than in healthy people.

If a person inhales concentrated chloroform for more than 2-3 minutes, even death is possible. If a person survives after such poisoning, then he will feel terrible, because the substance negatively affects the functioning of the central nervous system. Vomiting, dizziness, migraine, fatigue - these are the first signs of exposure to chloroform, then liver and kidney diseases await a person, and miscarriages are possible in pregnant women.

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