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Education and formation of Moscow University

Moscow University is rightfully considered the oldest Russian university. It was founded in 1755. The establishment of the university in Moscow became possible thanks to the activities of the outstanding scientist and encyclopedist, the first Russian academician Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711–1765).

A.S. Pushkin rightly wrote about the titan of Russian and world science of the 18th century: “Combining the extraordinary strength of the will with the extraordinary strength of the concept, Lomonosov embraced all branches of education. The thirst for science was the strongest passion of this soul, full of passions. Historian, rhetorician, mechanic, chemist, mineralogist, artist and poet, he experienced everything and penetrated everything ... ”In the activities of M.V. Lomonosov reflected all the power, beauty and vitality of Russian science, which has reached the forefront of world scientific knowledge, the successes of the country, which, after the transformations of Peter I, managed to significantly reduce the gap from the leading powers of the world and become one of them. M.V. Lomonosov attached great importance to the creation of a system of higher education in Russia. Back in 1724, at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, founded by Peter I, a university and a gymnasium were established to train scientific personnel in Russia. But the academic gymnasium and the university failed to cope with this task. Therefore, M.V. Lomonosov repeatedly raised the question of opening a university in Moscow. His proposals, formulated in a letter to I.I. Shuvalov, formed the basis of the Moscow University project. I.I. Shuvalov, a favorite of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, patronized the development of Russian science and culture, helped M.V. Lomonosov.

After reviewing the presented by I.I. With Shuvalov's project for a new educational institution, Elizaveta Petrovna signed on January 12 (25 according to the new style) January 1755 (on St. Tatiana's Day according to the Orthodox church calendar) a decree on the founding of Moscow University. The solemn opening ceremony of classes at the university took place on the day of the celebration of the anniversary of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna on April 26 (May 7), 1755. Since then, these days are traditionally celebrated at the university with student celebrations, the annual scientific conference "Lomonosov Readings" and the days of scientific creativity of students are timed to coincide with them.

In accordance with the plan of M.V. Lomonosov at Moscow University, 3 faculties were formed: philosophical, legal and medical. All students began their education at the Faculty of Philosophy, where they received fundamental training in natural sciences and the humanities. Education could be continued, specializing in law, medicine or the same philosophical faculty. Unlike universities in Europe, Moscow University did not have a theological faculty, which is explained by the presence in Russia of a special education system for the training of ministers of the Orthodox Church. Professors gave lectures not only in the then generally recognized language of science - Latin, but also in Russian.

Moscow University stood out for its democratic composition of students and professors. This largely determined the widespread dissemination among students and teachers of advanced scientific and social ideas. Already in the preamble of the decree on the establishment of a university in Moscow, it was noted that it was created "for the general education of raznochintsy." People from various classes could enter the university, with the exception of serfs. M.V. Lomonosov pointed to the example of Western European universities, where the principle of estates was done away with: “At the university, that student is more respectable, who has learned more; and whose son he is, there is no need for that. During the second half of the 18th century, out of 26 Russian professors who taught, only three were from the nobility. Raznochintsy made up the majority of students in the 18th century. The most capable students were sent to foreign universities to continue their education, strengthening contacts and ties with world science.

State appropriations only partially covered the needs of the university, especially since initially students were not charged tuition fees, and later they began to exempt poor students from it. The university management had to find additional sources of income, not excluding even commercial activities. Huge material assistance was provided by patrons (Demidovs, Stroganovs, E.R. Dashkova, etc.). They acquired and donated to the university scientific instruments, collections, books, established scholarships for students. The graduates did not forget about their alma mater either. More than once, in difficult times for the university, they raised funds by subscription. According to the established tradition, professors bequeathed their personal collections to the university library. Among them are the richest collections of I.M. Snegireva, P.Ya. Petrova, T.N. Granovsky, S.M. Solovyova, F.I. Buslaeva, N.K. Gudzia, I.G. Petrovsky and others.

Moscow University played an outstanding role in the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledge. The lectures of university professors and student debates could be attended by the public. In April 1756, a printing house and a bookshop were opened at Moscow University on Mokhovaya Street. This marked the beginning of domestic book publishing. At the same time, the university began publishing twice a week the first non-governmental newspaper in the country, Moskovskie Vedomosti, and from January 1760, the first literary magazine in Moscow, Useful Entertainment. For ten years, from 1779 to 1789, the printing house was headed by a pupil of the university gymnasium, the outstanding Russian educator N.I. Novikov.

A year after the foundation of the university, the first readers were accepted by the university library. For over 100 years it served as the only public library in Moscow.

The educational activities of Moscow University contributed to the creation on its basis or with the participation of its professors of such large centers of national culture as the Kazan Gymnasium (since 1804 - Kazan University), the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (until 1764 - under the jurisdiction of Moscow University), the Maly Theater and others

In the 19th century, the first scientific societies were formed at the university: Testers of Nature, Russian History and Antiquities, and Lovers of Russian Literature.

In the 18th century, remarkable figures of Russian science and culture studied and worked within the walls of Moscow University: philosophers N.N. Popovsky, D.S. Anichkov; mathematicians and mechanics V.K. Arshenevsky, M.I. Pankevich; medic S.G. Zybelin; botanist P.D. Veniaminov; physicist P.I. Strakhov; soil scientists M.I. Afonin, N.E. Cherepanov; historian and geographer H.A. Chebotarev; historian N.N. Bantysh-Kamensky; philologists and translators A.A. Barsov, S. Khalfin, E.I. Kostrov; jurists S.E. Desnitsky, I.A. Tretyakov; publishers and writers D.I. Fonvizin, M.M. Kheraskov, N.I. Novikov; architects V.I. Bazhenov and I.E. Starov.

The combination of the tasks of education, science and culture in the activities of the Moscow University turned it, in the words of A.I. Herzen, into the "center of Russian education", one of the centers of world culture.

Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov is older and larger than all other universities in Moscow. It is rightly called the center of national science. It consists of 40 faculties and a little over 300 departments. Approximately 50,000 people study at the Moscow State University at a time, of which 10,000 are enrolled in preparatory courses, 36,000 are students, and about 4,000 are graduate students. The teaching staff consists of about 4,000 people. And where did it all begin?

background

In 1741, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, came to the Russian throne. She set herself the goal of creating a special form of government in the Russian Empire: an enlightened monarchy. Bringing the most educated people of her time closer to her, she strongly encouraged the development of the sphere of science and the spread of culture.

Formally, the first Moscow University cannot be called the first in the country. In St. Petersburg, at that time the capital, the Academy of Sciences was opened a quarter of a century earlier. However, teaching there was predominantly done by foreign academics, who preferred foreign students. In addition, only representatives of the nobility could get an education there. All this did not allow the Academy of Sciences to become the basis of Russian education.

At the same time, the need of the Russian Empire for its own specialists was constantly growing. In the ranks of the advanced people of that time, an idea appeared - to create a higher educational institution in which, in addition to the nobles, persons of other classes would study. The history of Moscow University began with this idea.

The role of Lomonosov in the organization of the university

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov is one of the initiators of the creation of the State University in Moscow. He developed the structure of a new type of educational institution, and also made plans for its development in the early years of its existence. In particular, he sought to ensure that Russian teachers taught in Russian, and not in Latin, as was customary before, the language. After all, as Lomonosov believed, Moscow University should become the center of Russian science. True, it was not possible to realize this immediately, it was necessary first to grow cadres.

The merits of I. I. Shuvalov in the matter of education

Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov - a favorite of the Empress, an educated and influential person, took care of scientists and representatives of creative professions. He supported various ideas of M. V. Lomonosov, and approved the proposal to create a university for all classes. The opening of Moscow University was celebrated on a grand scale. After that, Elizabeth appointed I. I. Shuvalov as his curator. He followed the course of the educational process and provided all kinds of assistance to the university at the stage of its formation.

On January 25, the day of the Holy Great Martyr Tatyana, Elizabeth signed a project on the organization of a new university. Today this day, later called Student's Day, is celebrated by students throughout the country. And even then, in 1755, it was celebrated on a grand scale. Music played all day long, the building shone with bright lights. Thousands of people gathered for the celebration and did not disperse until late at night.

Formation of the material and technical base

The opening of Moscow University rallied people around a common cause. Funding for its development came from various sources. The Empress allocated about 15,000 rubles, a huge amount at that time. The money went to the formation of library funds, the creation of laboratories with all the necessary devices. A significant contribution was made by patrons, primarily the Demidov and Stroganov families. They provided funds for books, equipment, and student scholarships.

Subsequently, the collection of money for the needs of the university was also carried out by its graduates, who never forgot their alma mater. Among the professorial staff, it has become a good tradition to bequeath to the educational institution their books, monographs, manuscripts and other objects valuable for science from personal collections.

Buildings and structures of Moscow University

Initially, a building was allocated for the university, located in the very heart of the city, on Red Square (now the Historical Museum occupies this territory). At the end of the 18th century, it was moved to Mokhovaya. This building burned down during the fire of 1812 and was restored only after 7 years. Today there is the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Alexander I changed the structure of the university government by his decree. The post of rector was introduced, who was elected at a meeting of the Council of Professors and approved by the emperor himself. Since then, the university has become known as the imperial university.

After the revolution, the word "imperial" was changed to "state". And in the middle of the 20th century, during the celebration of the 185th anniversary of the opening of the university, it was named after the outstanding scientist of the 18th century, who stood at the origins of Russian science - M.V. Lomonosov. Lomonosov Moscow University has gone through such a path of development.

Scientific Library of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov was founded in 1755 simultaneously with the university. The first mention in the press of the library of the university: in the newspaper "Saint Petersburg Vedomosti" (No. 34 of April 28, 1755), an announcement was published by the publisher of the St. Petersburg magazine "Literary Chameleon" that this publication "can be obtained from the library of the Imperial University of Moscow ... »

The opening of the library for "lovers of science and reading hunters" as the first public and free library in Russia took place in July 1756. On this occasion, "Moskovskie Vedomosti" reported: "The library of the Moscow Imperial University, consisting of a noble number of books in almost all European languages ​​in pleasure for lovers of science and lovers of reading books has to be open tomorrow and henceforth on every Wednesday and Saturday from two to five in the afternoon. Students had hours free from lectures to visit the library on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at the same time it was open to everyone. Until the opening of the library at the Rumyantsev Museum in 1861, it was the only public library in Moscow and was open to all who "loved reading."

The main thing for the library is working with readers

Until 1791, the library was located in the house at the Resurrection Gate (on the site where the Historical Museum is now located). Initially, the library did not have its own premises, sometimes lectures were given within its walls. It also served as a museum of "all kinds of precious offerings and acquisitions" donated to the university; it also kept instruments and instruments of the physics office. In 1770, the library got its own premises - two chambers in the house at the Resurrection Gate.

Since 1759, one copy of all the books available at the Printing House in Moscow was transferred to Moscow University.

In addition to the public university library, open to everyone, in 1759 the foundations were laid for the formation of an educational library at the university, when it was discovered that “one of the reasons that prevented the success of studies was the lack of textbooks that state-owned students were not able to acquire due to poverty, therefore the purchase of such textbooks proved absolutely necessary.”

Initially, the library staff consisted of a librarian, i.e. director (part-time, as a rule, appointed from ordinary professors of the university), sub-librarian (part-time, from masters) and kustos (book storage worker from among students).

The first "Oberlibrarian" is called the poet M.M. Kheraskov, who, at the direction of the curator of the university I.I. Shuvalov was entrusted with the "supervision" of the library and the management of the printing house of the university.

From 1757 to 1761 in the position of sub-librarian was D.V. Savich is a master of philosophy and liberal sciences, who compiled the first list (inventory) of the library's books.

In 1761, Assessor of the Office of the Moscow University A.A. Tails, a well-known writer and translator, who soon transferred these duties to I.G. Reichel, who shortly before this appointment received the title of Extraordinary Professor of History and Statistics. The post of librarian I.G. Reichel held from 1761 to 1778. In 1762 I.G. Reichel published at the university "A collection of the best works for the dissemination of knowledge and for the production of pleasure, or a mixed Library on various physical economic, also belonging to manufactories and commerce, things." For students who came to the library, I.G. Reichel taught a course in the history of literature. He continued to work on the design of a systematic catalog compiled by D.V. Savich, accepted books donated to the university, and transferred from the public library to the required educational literature. In particular, evidence has been preserved that, on behalf of the historiographer Miller, Reichel dismantled the library and manuscripts of the historian V.N. Tatishchev.

By decision of the University Conference in 1768, the issue of international book exchange of dissertations with foreign scientific institutions was raised.

HA. Chebotarev - a graduate of Moscow University, who from 1765 to 1775. was a Custos, from 1775 to 1778. - sub-librarian of the university library, from 1778 to 1815. as an ordinary professor in the department of Russian literature, he was appointed librarian, later - publisher of the Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper, chairman of the newly formed Society of Russian History and Antiquities, the first honorary professor of the university, elected in 1803 as the first rector of the university. Under his leadership, bibliography is being actively introduced into Russian educational literature, including advisory (“prudent order of reading books”), for a more in-depth study of the sciences, subject indexes are being created. HA. Chebotarev proposed a scheme for systematizing subject bibliography according to bibliographic lists of authoritative scientific journals: 1) essays that provide the basis for the science chosen for study; 2) a brief history of the discipline; 3) the works of the most prominent experts in this field, which was a new word in the use of bibliography as a methodological principle of teaching.

1786 - designed by the famous architect M.F. Kazakov, the construction of a new building of the university began, where in the right wing of the building on the 3rd floor the library was assigned an extensive assembly hall with a gallery, but the construction and decoration of the building was delayed due to lack of funds. In 1791, the library moved to the "Repninsky House" and outbuildings on Mokhovaya Street.

In 1793, the construction of a new building of the university on Mokhovaya Street was completed, where in the right wing of the building on the 3rd floor the library was allocated an extensive assembly hall with a gallery. The library would remain there until the fire of Moscow in 1812.

The university statute, approved on November 5, 1804, transferred Moscow University from the jurisdiction of the Senate to the jurisdiction of the established Ministry of Public Education. The charter for the first time determined a fixed staff amount for library needs - 1 thousand rubles, for magazines and newspapers - an additional 500 rubles. The acquisition of the library was carried out as follows: at the end of the year, the deans of the departments presented the list of necessary books to the University Council, and the Council, taking into account the available funds, made the final decision.

The charter provided for restrictions on the issuance of books to readers. Those books that censorship considered "seductive and harmful" were especially noted. A corresponding mark was made on the title pages of these publications; only professors and teachers of the university could use them. Only this category of readers could receive books at home against receipt.

In 1802, the miner P.G. Demidov donated a library to the university, which became the ancestor of the so-called "private libraries".

At the beginning of 1812, there were 20,465 volumes in the library, in addition, scientific societies and university institutions had their own book collections.

A fire in Moscow destroyed almost all the buildings of the university and almost all of its library, which was hidden in the basement of the Main building of the university, and the educational library was also lost. Only a small part of the books survived - 51 copies of the rarest books and 12 oldest manuscripts sent at the end of August 1812 as part of the university convoy to Nizhny Novgorod.

After the end of the Patriotic War of 1812, the University Council decides to appeal to the public with an invitation to them "to make donations of books, or otherwise, for the speedy restoration" of the university library, about which on July 12, 1813 "Moskovskie Vedomosti" printed an appeal "To all lovers domestic education. Over 5,000 books were collected during the year. Educational institutions of the country and individual citizens responded to the appeal to restore the library of Moscow University.

In June 1814, the university library was housed in a room temporarily allotted to it in the renovated Anatomical Building, located in the courtyard of the Main Building of the University.

As early as 1781, a teacher of the German language and classical antiquities, I.A. Geim, later - an ordinary professor of the university, head of the department of history, statistics and geography of the Russian Empire, dean of the department of verbal sciences (1804-1807), rector of the university (1808-1819), who led the restoration of the university after the Patriotic War of 1812. From 1815 to the end of his life (1821) I.A. Game is the director of the library. His personal collection of books (about 2000 volumes) became the first major gift to Moscow University and the basis for the restoration of the library fund, where it is kept to this day.

Moscow University was rebuilt, painstaking work began on collecting and accumulating the book stocks of the library. After the re-evacuation of the university, at a meeting of the Temporary Commission, the issue of extracting various newspapers and magazines for the university was raised. The first acquisition for the library on May 17, 1813 was the geographical map "Theatre of War".

By 1815, 7,281 books were in the library's stock, most of which came after 1812 in the form of donations. During these years, two student libraries were created: one for students of the medical faculty, the other for the rest of the faculties of the university, which merged and received the name "Library of State Students".

Since 1826, visits to the library and classrooms are allowed on tickets obtained from the rector (from 8 am to 3 pm on all days except holidays). A separate student reading room opens.

Reiss Ferdinand Friedrich (Fyodor Fedorovich), doctor of medicine and surgery, professor, academician of the Medico-Surgical Academy, served at the university from 1804, from 1822 to 1832. was the director of the library. A reformer of library theory and practice, he developed a system for classifying and organizing the system of catalogs and arrangement of the collection in the library.

Through the efforts of F.F. The Reiss library was restored after the fire of 1812 at a higher technical level and opened to the public in the autumn of 1823 two days a week. Activities of F.F. Reissa played an important role in the acquisition, completion and organization of the library fund, the creation of alphabetical and systematic catalogs, where the Russian, Greek and Latin alphabets were combined in one catalog. Reiss put forward the idea of ​​creating a unified catalog of scientific libraries in Moscow and St. Petersburg for the use of their funds through interlibrary loans; he assumed the expansion of the catalog system by creating catalogs of a smaller volume (dissertations, curricula, geographical maps, a doublet fund, continuing and periodicals, etc.).

Since 1823, at the initiative of Reiss, work began on compiling catalogs: alphabetical, "arranged by the names of the authors," and systematic - "by the matters contained in them." The catalogs consisted of individual cards sized 20x16. Index cards were collected in packs (according to Reiss - "volumes") of 500 pieces and stored in a horizontal position, they were worked on, turning over like a notebook. Reiss fully opened the funds in alphabetical and systematic catalogs, where a separate card was entered for each book, he himself edited and systematized all the cards (about 20,000 titles). At the same time, the first attempt was made to make printed cards on the basis of the printing house of Moscow University, a total of 500 cards were made, but then, due to lack of funds, their publication was discontinued.

In 1824, the Rules for Reading Books in the University Library were drawn up, which provided rules for the use of literature for professors, teachers, university students, as well as "third-party" readers, introduced a new procedure for filling out sheets of requirements and accounting for issued literature, limited home delivery of reference and rare publications. In accordance with the proposed F.F. Reiss in 1826, for the convenience of working with the fund, the system "Locations of the library of the Imperial Moscow University" began to encrypt books: the cipher was indicated on the cover of the book and on the index card. Reiss reequipped the library premises - book depositories, classrooms and reading rooms, in 1829 two student libraries were merged into one and received the name "Library of State Students".

In 1831-1836, the “Catalogue of books in the library of the Imperial Moscow University, compiled by F.F. Reiss, published by the works of I.B. Petrosilius". For 11 years of work F.F. Reiss succeeded in making the library exemplary among European libraries, and the fund classification scheme and the system of book card catalogs developed by him, the technology of replicating printed catalog cards, later became widespread in Russian library practice. Principles of F.F. Reiss on the organization of funds and are now used in the library of Moscow University.

In 1832-1836. The director of the library was S. M. Ivashkovsky, an ordinary professor of the Greek language and antiquities, who, in addition to teaching, compiled and published dictionaries and manuals. During the years of his work as the director of the library, a system of reporting, accounting and movement of books, periodicals, manuscripts, maps was established. For the first time, a record of books given out at home was established, and a uniform annual report was introduced on the issuance of literature by categories of readers - professors, students, outsiders. According to the new University Charter of 1835, the library was supposed to have a librarian and two assistants, the annual staffing amount for the purchase of literature was 10,000 rubles. The new Charter provided for the right to “freely and duty-free order from abroad all kinds of teaching aids,” and manuscripts and periodicals received from abroad were not subject to review by censorship committees.

From 1836 to 1841 titular adviser E.F. Korsh, under which the acquisition of periodicals was significantly expanded, of which most were foreign publications. Under him, publications that were not in the library, as well as libraries of domestic and foreign scientists and cultural figures, were actively acquired, a doublet fund was organized, which later became a reserve for completing public and educational libraries in Russia and the Balkan countries. At this time, new rules for the receipt and use of periodicals were introduced: now they entered the library as they were released, and not at the end of the year and the beginning of the next, as before, and new issues of journals were not subject to issue to professors at home within a month.

During the years of managing the library, A.V. Richter (from 1841 to 1850) increased the staff of the library by two assistant librarians, the reading room was expanded and opened to readers five days a week instead of three, an inventory of the fund was started, and the acquisition of private collections and collections, book rarities became more active. In 1842, on the initiative of the astronomer D.M. Perevoshchikov, a library was organized at the astronomy class; under the guidance of Professor of Chemistry R.G. Gaiman formed a library at the chemical laboratory.

1832-1848 - the book collections of the Turgenev family, O.M. Bodyansky - professor at Moscow University, philologist. E.F. Muravyova - the mother of the Decembrist N.M. Muravyova and the widow of the former curator of the university M.N. Muravyova donated to the university a book collection of rare editions (about 4,000 volumes). At the request of the donor, this collection is still kept as a single book collection. Professor G.I. Fischer von Waldheim handed over unique early printed books of the 15th century, Professor V.M. Richter - a collection of books on medicine (about 1400 volumes). After the merger of the Moscow branch of the academy with the medical faculty of the university, the funds of the Medico-Surgical Academy were transferred to the library.

In 1848, the university library had 50,702 works in 80,372 volumes, 927 periodicals in 3,082 volumes, 75 manuscripts in 76 volumes, 181 maps, and 3 lithographic views. The library already occupied 10 rooms - almost the entire second floor of the wing of the Main Building, overlooking Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street, where there was a reading room, catalogs, a table with periodicals, and some rarities, early printed books and manuscripts were also exhibited.

In 1850, the candidate of legal sciences S.P. was appointed director of the library. Poludensky, graduate of Moscow University, friend of T.N. Granovsky and A.I. Herzen. The library already occupied 10 rooms - almost the entire second floor of the wing of the Main Building, overlooking Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street, where there was a reading room, catalogs, a table with periodicals, and some rarities, early printed books and manuscripts were also exhibited.

1851 - new rules for using the library were introduced in the library, where it was strictly forbidden to allow readers into the internal halls and storages, open access to books and catalogs was eliminated, since the audit revealed large losses from the fund. The procedure for using the library funds was limited in the number of books issued to one person (for professors - no more than 30 books), the deadlines for returning literature were set (no more than 3 months), fines were introduced for late return of books or loss, access of outsiders to the library was limited up to one day a week.

Under the leadership of S.P. Poludensky, work began on collecting publications issued before the fire of 1812. As a result of this work, the main book fund of the library has increased significantly, the lending of books has more than doubled. With the growth of the fund, the library needed new premises, as reported by the rector of the university A.A. Alfonsky Trustee of the University.

1856-1955

In 1855 - 1857. the library was replenished with collections: rare Russian editions of the 18th century, among which were the annual sets of "Moskovskie Vedomosti", books printed in the printing house of the university. Professor I.M. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Moscow University, Snegirev handed over 7 volumes of the collection of professors' speeches and the rarest "reasonings", printed catalogs of lectures relating to the first years of the university's activity, 15 volumes of handwritten protocols of the Moscow University Conference for the first years of its existence. These priceless documents by I.M. Snegirev rescued when leaving Moscow in 1812. The library received the book collection of the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General A.P. Yermolov, consisting of perfectly selected books (8058 volumes) on history, geography, military affairs, ethnography and other sciences, from fiction in Russian and foreign languages. According to the will of Professor P.I. Strakhov, his library (books on agriculture, technology, medicine, gardening) entered the university.

Since 1858, the library was headed by D.I. Steinberg, who worked first as a clerk, then as an assistant librarian. He paid great attention to the acquisition of funds, their rational placement, and the creation of a reference department in the library. During these years, work was intensified to create libraries at the departments, from which faculty libraries subsequently grew. DI. Steinberg energetically opposed censorship restrictions on the library, when book parcels from abroad were sent from customs to the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, detained there for a long time, and then arrived with pages cut out and erasures. The magazines Sovremennik and Otechestvennye Zapiski were withdrawn from the fund, sealed in special boxes, "... so that no one was allowed to use them."

1861 - at the suggestion of the trustee of the university, General N.V. Isakov, the issue of merging the university library with the public library of the Rumyantsev Museum in order to create a large public library was widely discussed. The scientists of the university unanimously opposed this, insisting that the university should maintain the scientific level of the acquisition of the library fund in order to fully meet the needs of students and professors of the university.

On June 18, 1863, a new Charter of Russian Universities was approved, according to which the library of Moscow University became known as the fundamental one. The university charter determined the annual amount of 6,000 rubles for the purchase of literature. According to the charter, the university library provided for receiving foreign scientific literature without consideration by censors, but in practice this provision of the charter was not implemented. In 1863, the library of state students was renamed the student library, and special funds were allocated for its acquisition.

From 1866 to 1879 the library was headed by a university graduate Slavist P.A. Bessonov. Over the years of his work in the library, library rules for serving readers have been improved, work is underway to improve the professional skills of librarians in working with readers, and mandatory bibliographic classes with students are being introduced. Careful work with refusals for publications missing from the fund has intensified book exchange with foreign scientific institutions and publishing houses. The growth of the fund and the closeness of the premises led to the fact that the fund, which is in demand in the first place, was allocated for storage. Books from this fund were placed in the first rows of bookshelves, the rest rose to the top or stacked, which made it very difficult to find them. Such a situation with the arrangement of books required from librarians a thorough knowledge of the fund, in addition, students were poorly oriented in the rules of the library, in catalogs, bibliographic sources, so at that time the question arose of improving the work of librarians with readers, the allocation of a reference library. This library collected "the most important and best bibliographic aids, catalogs, information about writers and years of publication of works, the best histories of literature, also dictionaries of different languages, etc.", which was the beginning of the creation of a reference and bibliographic department in the library.

1871 - by decision of the University Council, the Library Commission was created, which included two representatives from each faculty, it was called upon to control the work of the library and serve as a link between the leadership of the university and the library. For the 70s. Four Library Commissions were appointed. The commissions developed "Rules for the use of newspapers and magazines subscribed for the university", "Instructions for the storage of periodicals: magazines and newspapers", "Rules for professors to subscribe books to the university library" and other documents. Members of the Library Commission compiled lists of books registered with scientists who, for one reason or another, left the service at the university, i.e. remained "debtors" of the library. At the same time, a list of institutions was approved to which Moscow University should send dissertations submitted for defense. The commission ensured that the dissertators presented, in addition to those due to the members of the Council, two more copies of dissertations for the university library.

During these years, a reading room for periodicals was opened, and the distribution of new newspapers and magazines to professors at home was stopped. After 6 months (for general magazines) and 10 months (for special magazines), periodicals were transferred to the main book depository of the library.

In 1878, a library was created at the Faculty of Law of the University.

From 1879 to 1890 the head of the library was V.A. Chaev, a graduate of the Faculty of Law of Kazan University, a well-educated specialist in the field of librarianship, who worked in the university library first as a secretary, since 1870 as an assistant librarian. He was the first to put library management on a scientific basis, carried out a number of innovations, in particular: expanded book storage, introduced the format-topographic principle of arrangement, reorganized the alphabetical card catalog, highlighting separate catalogs - Russian, Latin and Greek, introduced "demanding leaflets" when ordering books to speed up customer service.

In 1881, a library was created at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics for the Mathematical Department of Moscow University. During these years, separate inventory books were established for large book donations, which made it possible to take into account and process book collections in parallel with the main receipts to the library fund.

V.A. Chaev was the initiator of the cataloging of all individual libraries and books not included in the general catalogs. At the end of 1880, V.A. Chaev presented to the university leadership the "Draft Rules for the Acquisition, Registration and Cataloging of Books, Periodicals and Their Use", which formed the basis of the new "Rules for the Library of Moscow University", approved after his death in 1890.

V.A. Chaev paid great attention to the search for library personnel, in letters to acquaintances he wrote that he needed assistants who would have sufficient education, know foreign languages ​​and “in particular, would not be burdened by the painstaking, sometimes completely mechanical work of returning books to binding, their acceptance and arrangement, writing and rewriting index cards ... "

1864-1900 - the library received: the book collection of S.D. Poltoratsky, a well-known bibliophile; library of professor K.Ya. Mlodzievsky, consisting of 612 titles in 1055 volumes of the latest publications on medicine; former professor of Moscow University A.E. Evenius donated his collection of medical books in 1013 volumes. The book collections of N.G. Frolov - popularizer of geographical knowledge in Russia, Ya. Petrov - professor of oriental studies, linguist-polyglot, S.M. Solovyov - rector of Moscow University, professor, famous historian, H.V. Melgraf - collegiate assessor, A.Yu. Davidov - Professor of Mathematics, V.S. Pecherin - professors of the Greek language and antiquities, A.N. Sollogub - a graduate of Moscow University, I.I. Yanzhul - academician, economist, F.I. Buslaev - academician, philologist and many others. others

Professor A.G. Stoletov organized in the physical laboratory a reference library of abstract journals; libraries are opened at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics for the Mathematical Department of Moscow University, at the Historical-Philological and Medical Faculties.

In 1884 the library established a regular international book exchange.

In 1886 the student library was liquidated. Its funds were distributed among departmental libraries, and in 1890 a library was created for the natural department of Moscow University.

In 1890, A.A. was elected to the position of librarian. Tolstopyatov is a graduate of the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, who devoted himself to teaching, a student and friend of T.N. Granovsky, professor of mineralogy, author of the translation of the extensive work of M. Mori "Physical Geography of the Sea" (1861). He continued the reorganization of the university library: he developed and put into practice a method of quick service to readers, for which frequently requested publications were placed in a room next to the reading room, and publications that had not been requested for a long time, in remote rooms of the library.

90s of the XIX century - at the university, in addition to the Fundamental Library and student libraries at the faculties, there are more than 40 libraries at offices, laboratories, clinics. The library was in dire need of expanding book storage and reading rooms, and the university faced the task of building a library building.

In 1891, the rector of the university, G.A. Ivanov instructed the librarian A.A. Tolstopyatov and architect K.M. Bykovsky to design a building for the university library. For the construction of the library, the University Board had a capital of 121,750 rubles in interest-bearing papers, which was made up of donations from M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, F.I. Ushakova and M.I. Pavlova. To study the organization of librarianship and organization of university libraries in Europe, A.A. Tolstopyatov was sent to Germany, where for 2 months he studied the latest advances in technology used in new library buildings, upon arrival in Moscow, he handed over the collected materials to the rector of the university.

The board instructed the deans of the faculties to carry out work on "elaborating proposals for the construction of a library building" and appoint a special commission. In May, architect K.M. Bykovsky presented the first sketch of the building project. In the project of the new library building A.A. Tolstopyatov proposed - following the example of the library of the British Museum and some German libraries - to place on the walls of the reading room a reference auxiliary library of 20 thousand volumes with open access, it was also proposed to print a catalog of this fund and sell it to everyone. In the future, the architect K.M. Bykovsky designed the reading rooms on the proposals of a commission of university professors.

1894 - the commission for the design of the new library building approved the final design of the building and the explanatory note to it.

In 1896-1908. the librarian of the university library was D.D. Yazykov - a graduate of Moscow University, literary critic, bibliographer. The period of his management of the library coincided with the construction of a new building, its equipment and the relocation of funds.

In 1897, a Commission was created to transfer the Fundamental Library from the old to the new building, it included representatives of all faculties, the librarian and his assistants, including Professor N.I. Storozhenko (chairman of the commission), B.K. Mlodzeevsky, L.A. Komarovsky, I.F. Ognev.

In the same year, the foundation stone of the Fundamental Library building took place on Mokhovaya Street to the left of the Main Building of the University. A bronze plaque was immured into the thickness of the foundation wall with the text that the library building was being built with funds donated by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, F.I. Ushakova and M.I. Pavlova, designed by architect K.M. Bykovsky and under the supervision of the architect Z.I. Ivanova.

In August 1901, the move to the new library building began. In a short time, 300 thousand volumes were moved to the new building, 8000 cards were written for alphabetical and systematic catalogs.

In 1902, a large reading room for students was opened in the Fundamental Library. The library receives gifts: the book collection of G.A. Ivanova - professor of classical philology, P.E. Kudryavtsev - professor of world history, V.F. Luginin - a chemist, the book collection of the Dmitriev family, consisting of 11.5 thousand volumes, N.F. Filatov - professor, an outstanding pediatrician, the Kharuzin family - who taught at Moscow University, V.M. Ostroglazov - Doctor of Medicine, a well-known bibliophile, a graduate of Moscow University, V.A. Goltsev - writer-publicist, master of police law, who taught for some time at Moscow University, S.A. Usov - zoologist, T.N. Granovsky - Professor of World History at Moscow University, etc.

From 1908 to 1925 A.I. was appointed director of the library. Kalishevsky is a graduate of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University, a literary critic, teacher, library theorist. Over the years, work has been going on to increase the role of the library in the university system and achieve a more independent position. The need to expand the powers of the university library was proclaimed by A.I. Kalishevsky - at the I All-Russian Congress on Library Science (1911), and after the revolution - at the meeting of the I Library Session of the People's Commissariat of Education (1919), at the Congress of Academic Libraries (1919).

As the new head of the library A.I. Kalishevsky came up with a library reorganization program, the implementation of which was associated with the elimination of construction flaws in the new building, the cataloging of book collections, the creation of an independent reference and bibliographic department, editing the alphabetical catalog, and improving the rules for using the library.

In 1909, a reference and bibliographic department was opened, in 1913 - a professorial journal room, where new journals were received for viewing for two weeks, and after that they were sent for scientific processing and for issuance.

In 1914, the library of the student reading room was opened with an auxiliary fund of teaching aids in 2.5 thousand volumes, alphabetical and systematic catalogs, a transition was made to the format of international index cards, the alphabetical catalog was corrected, part of the fund was reflected in the subject catalog, significantly improved collection of periodicals.

1914-1918 - during the war years, the usual rhythm of the library's work was disrupted, which did not allow A.I. Kalishevsky to carry out the planned transformations. Acquisition of foreign literature was very small. New domestic receipts now came mainly from private donations and small purchases.

By 1917, the library found itself in a difficult position: the accumulated "blockages" of books that had not been processed, unverified cards and catalogs of the old model, the separation of seminary and office libraries from the fundamental one, and the lack of staff positions for librarians. The events of the 1917 revolution made the work of the library even more difficult; the walls and library storage were damaged by street shooting. In the report on the work of the library for 1917 there is an entry: “During these days (we are talking about the October battles), the library was closed. At the end of November, due to the lack of heating for several days, it was open only two hours a day.

During the years of the civil war, when hunger and devastation reigned in the country, the library continued to work in unheated rooms, the library workers did not have the necessary clothes, they were starving. The number of library staff has decreased to 14 - 18 units less than the required number.

For 1916-1918. the library received in the form of gifts the book collections of D.N. Anuchin - academician, anthropologist, ethnographer, geographer, M.M. Kovalevsky - a lawyer, historian, sociologist, professor of state law at Moscow and then at St. Petersburg Universities, a well-known political figure. In 1917, from the curator of the herbarium D.P. Syreyshchikov received a collection in which there were about 6000 volumes on botany, floristry, unique publications of the Academy of the 18th - early 19th centuries, scientific works of the classics of Russian and foreign literature, in 1918 the book collection of E.G. Brown, teacher of Italian at Moscow University.

At the end of the 1910s, there were five educational and auxiliary seminary libraries at Moscow University: the philological department, the physical and mathematical, social sciences, the medical department and the workers' faculty. In addition, there was an extensive network of libraries of clinics, institutes and offices (about 62, accurate records were not carried out). In this regard, the question of creating a unified university library became acute.

An important step in the unification of disparate university libraries was the adoption of the Charter of Academic Libraries, which was announced at the Congress of Academic Libraries in November 1919, and was officially put into effect only in 1927. The Charter provided for the strengthening of ties between auxiliary libraries (seminar libraries, classrooms, etc.). .) and the Fundamental Library. Seminar libraries that existed at the departments of the university and served the needs of students were declared branches of the Fundamental Library and had to be guided by its instructions in their work. Libraries of scientific offices, clinics, research institutes were called upon to serve the scientific needs of these institutions and continued to remain under their jurisdiction. The principle paragraph noted that all publications available in all libraries should be reflected in a consolidated catalog with an indication of their location. There was a book bureau that distributed books between seminary and faculty libraries, and also determined which books should go to mobile libraries at laboratories and classrooms. In turn, all these libraries had to transfer extra books to the Fundamental Library.

On June 19, 1919, at a meeting of the Library Commission, the question was raised about “separating into a special category some book collections from which books are not issued at home”, which served as the beginning of the formation of a fund of rare and especially valuable publications, and ended with the creation of the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts. The selection of book collections took place according to the following criteria: the rarity of books, the museum rarity of the collection, the selection of publications in a special field (special cabinets). Based on these features, they were allocated to a special section of the library: F.I. Buslaeva, T.N. Granovsky, P.N. Kudryavtseva, V.F. Luginina, D.P. Syreyshchikov, V.M. Ostroglazov, Kharuzins, I.I. Dmitrieva, S.A. Usova, A.P. Yermolov.

In 1920, by order of the Presidium of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education, the library of Moscow University began to receive an obligatory copy of literature published on the territory of the RSFSR.

In 1921, the acquisition of foreign literature began. The supply of foreign publications was carried out through a special bureau organized in Berlin, where a centralized purchase of foreign publications was organized for all institutions of the country. Distribution among institutions was carried out by a commission of the Committee for the Acquisition and Distribution of Foreign Literature (Kominolit), which also included the director of the library of Moscow University.

Since 1921, an interlibrary loan was introduced between the libraries of Moscow and Petrograd.

The Moscow University Library is included in the list of institutions that receive foreign publications from the Book Chamber, which organized the exchange of books with a number of countries.

In the general reading room of the Fundamental Library of the University, the first thematic exhibition dedicated to the anniversary of the October Revolution was organized, which was the beginning of the exhibition work in the library.

1925 - the number of readers of the library - 1196, of which students - 232, professors, teachers and employees of the university - 631 people, outsiders - 177 people. This year, the translation of the library's systematic catalog into international cards was completed.

From 1926 to 1931 the post of director of the library was held by A.S. Nersesov, professor of international law. In the spring of 1926, the University Board decided that the Library Commission should coordinate the work of all the numerous university libraries, including issues of reporting and book use. Soon the commission submitted a draft Instruction on the inventory of all library collections, which was approved and obligated libraries to register, inventory their collections, compile alphabetical and, if possible, systematic and subject catalogs.

In 1926, after a ten-year break, a professorial reading room was opened, thereby mastering a differentiated service for readers by category.

In the early 1930s a new structure of the library was developed, which included the Fundamental, faculty and mobile libraries (in classrooms and laboratories).

1931-1952 - the director of the library is Anna Ivanovna Kudryavtseva, historian, party leader. She left a noticeable mark on the development of the library and the preservation of its funds during the war years. Over the years, the library received the status of a research institution (1933), a consolidated catalog for the entire collection was created in the library (1936), the evacuation and re-evacuation of funds was carried out (1941-1943), the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts was created (1946), a huge preparatory work on the development of new library premises in the buildings of the university on Sparrow Hills.

In 1931, the collection of books from the Mathematical Society of Moscow University (about 7,000 volumes) was transferred to the Fundamental Library. On the same conditions of independent existence, the library of the Society of Naturalists (200 thousand volumes) was attached.

The departments for the acquisition of domestic and foreign literature, book processing, storage and maintenance were reorganized, which included a subscription, a common reading room and a periodicals room.

The administration of the university transferred the ancient assembly hall to the library, where a reading room for 300 seats with an auxiliary fund of 10,000 volumes was opened, and a subscription for students was opened in the premises adjacent to this hall.

Mobile libraries with a reading room for 150 seats are being opened in student dormitories at Stromynka and Ostankino.

Faculty libraries were merged into a single library of teaching aids with a fund of 5,000 volumes. By January 1, 1932, the book stock of the library amounted to 600,000 volumes.

In 1933, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the library of Moscow University was included in the network of scientific libraries as a research institution. The library has a scientific and bibliographic department.

A new structure of the library of Moscow University is being approved: the library consists of two parts - a scientific library and a library of teaching aids, in addition, a library of fiction for students working under a single leadership has been opened at the university library. In 1939, a lot of organizational work was carried out to unite the libraries of classrooms, departments, laboratories and museums of the university. The developed regulation was approved by the Rector, unified forms of accounting were introduced, acquisition and inventory were carried out centrally in the Fundamental Library. By the end of the 1930s. the creation of a consolidated catalog of 15 libraries, institutes and laboratories of the university was completed.

Since 1940, the university library began to receive a complete obligatory copy of literature published in the RSFSR.

By the 185th anniversary of the university (1940), the library had more than 1 million volumes.

1941 - the beginning of the Great Patriotic War set new and difficult tasks for the library staff: protection of the building of the Fundamental Library, preservation of funds and catalogues, servicing readers in difficult military conditions, organizing assistance to the front. Immediately after the declaration of war, library employees every day, coming to work, stood in a living conveyor and transferred valuable books to the cellars. Round the clock the building of the Fundamental Library was guarded by members of the MPVO, formed from among the staff of the library - a total of 18 people. Late in the evening of July 22, 1941, more than a dozen incendiary bombs were dropped on the library building, some of them broke through the roof, beams over the common reading room caught fire. Women had to extinguish the fire by raising water from the 1st floor to the attic with buckets. Many incendiary bombs were dropped from the roof of the library building, where library employees were on duty during the bombing, risking their lives.

During the bombardment on October 29, 1941, at 9:10 pm, a high-explosive bomb exploded near the Auditorium building, the buildings of the Fundamental and Educational Library, the club, and the monument to M.V. Lomonosov were damaged. The library building survived, but windows and doors were broken, the roof was destroyed, all wall cabinets with books collapsed in the directory hall, pieces of cast-iron grating from the university yard were scattered everywhere, marble window sills were broken, the heating system was destroyed, the telephone connection was cut off. The destruction and blockages were so great that work in the library building was stopped, major repairs began in it, only members of the MPVO team and library employees remained there, putting the funds and catalogs in order. Some departments of the library were located in the surviving premises of the university, work continued on servicing readers and fulfilling individual orders from university researchers.

In connection with the decision of the government to evacuate Moscow University in August 1941, the most valuable books (5 thousand volumes) were sent to the city of Khvalynsk, Saratov Region, then to the city of Kustanai. In October, 80 thousand volumes were sent to Ashgabat, accompanied by a group of employees headed by the library director A.I. Kudryavtseva. Library reports for 1941 indicated that 43 thousand volumes were sent to other cities, then another 54,384 copies, of which 14,800 volumes were returned from the station. The evacuation of books and other valuables from the university was stopped in December 1941. Work in the building of the Fundamental Library was stopped, and major repairs began in it. During the war years, a reading room for researchers worked in the library. The evacuated part of the library was relocated from Ashgabat to Sverdlovsk and settled in the Ural Industrial Institute, where reading rooms were organized, library services were provided for teachers and students.

1942 - in May, a reading room for scientists and university students was opened, in October - a professorial reading room. The scientific work of the university during the war years was primarily related to defense topics, in 1941 the library staff prepared 17 bibliographies (2389 titles) on these topics, including tissue impregnation, a parachute and its theoretical calculations, disinfectants, physiology during high-altitude flights, etc.

During the war years, the library of Moscow State University assisted in the acquisition of university libraries that suffered during the war: more than 50 thousand copies of volumes were transferred to Kharkov, Rostov, Stalingrad, Minsk, Smolensk.

Despite the difficult working conditions in wartime, the performance of the library increased from year to year: the number of readers - from 6,000 in 1942 to 15,000 in 1944, literature purchased in 1942 - 14,000 copies, in 1944 - 35,000 In 1944, the fund of the library with branches amounted to 1,521,827 volumes.

In 1943 the university library was reevacuated from Sverdlovsk to Moscow.

On March 25, 1944, the grand opening of the Fundamental Library after repairs took place. The total fund of the library (with branches) was 1.5 million volumes.

In 1945, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On Measures of Assistance to Moscow University", the Scientific Library of Moscow State University was classified as a category I library, it was included in the list of institutions that receive a mandatory paid copy of printed publications published on the territory of the USSR.

1946 - the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts was created in the structure of the library, the fund of which was allocated from the main fund of the library. It includes unique editions, book collections, manuscripts and early printed books, 39 private collections and personal archives of prominent figures of Russian science and culture of the 18th-19th centuries: I.I. Dmitrieva, A.P. Yermolov, Decembrists N.M. Muravyov and N.I. Turgenev, scientists I.F. Buslaeva, T.N. Granovsky, P.Ya. Petrova and many others. etc. As of January 1, 1947, the fund of the department had 22,028 copies of rare publications.

Many of the personal book collections have already joined the funds of the branch departments of the library, for example: the libraries of famous Russian physicists - A.G. Stoletov and P.N. Lebedev formed the main core of the collection of the library of the Faculty of Physics, the library of Academician L.S. Berg - Faculty of Geography, a unique collection of D.P. Syreyshchikov - Faculty of Biology, etc. In the post-war years, the acquisition of rare books and collections began, which continues today.

Already during the war years, the collection of materials for a bibliography on the history of Russian science began. In 1945, with the participation of library staff, the first volume of the Biobibliographic Dictionary of Professors and Teachers of Moscow State University for the second century of its existence was prepared, which included bibliographies of scientists: F.E. Korsha, S.M. Solovyova, D.N. Anuchina, F.A. Bredikhina, K.A. Timiryazeva, N.E. Zhukovsky, A.P. Bogdanova, P.N. Lebedeva, A.P. Pavlova, A.G. Stoletova, M.M. Pokrovsky, F.I. Buslaeva, F.F. Fortunatova, V.O. Klyuchevsky.

A great event in the research activities of the library was the completion of the first volume of "Documents and materials on the history of Moscow University in the second half of the 17th century (1756-1764)", prepared for the 200th anniversary of the university. All three volumes of "Documents" will be published in 1960-63. Most of the bibliographies prepared by the library staff corresponded to the scientific needs of the university and science in general. For example, bibliographies on the history of physics and chemistry in the USSR, "Mechanics in 30 years", "Higher Soviet School in 30 years" and a number of others were prepared.

March 15, 1948 - A government decree was issued on the construction of a new building for Moscow University, where new scientific and educational libraries were provided. By that time, the fund of the Scientific Library had doubled compared to the pre-war 1938 and amounted to 1,935,162 copies. (as of 01/01/1948), the library was in dire need of expanding space for the placement of funds, increasing the number of seats in the reading rooms.

The main concept in the organization of the university library was to create a single network of libraries, including libraries in old buildings on Mokhovaya Street and in buildings on Sparrow (Lenin) Hills, in differentiated service for readers, in the organization of branch departments of the library at faculties, in centralized management, methodological guidance , acquisition and scientific processing of literature.

University professors participated in the preparation of libraries in the new buildings of the university. By decision of the Academic Council, two commissions were created: for acquisition and for the development and application of a new classification scheme for systematic catalogs.

Classification scheme, taken as a basis, prepared by the Library of the USSR. V.I. Lenin and the Public Library of the USSR. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, not yet completed, was processed with the help of the departments in relation to the needs and profile of the scientific and educational activities of Moscow State University. In addition, scientists of the geographical and geological faculties developed a map-scheme of the regional division of the territory of the USSR, neighboring countries with a geographical index and symbols of all regions and territories, which was the basis for maintaining regional catalogs in the libraries of these faculties. The members of the commission were prominent scientists of Moscow State University: V.V. Alpatov, Ya.I. Gerasimov, N.A. Komarnitsky, G.V. Spivak, N.K. Gudziy, O.K. Lange, V.V. Nemytsky, P.A. Zaionchkovsky, S.A. Yanovskaya and others. The work lasted 4 years.

By order of the Minister of Higher Education of the USSR, a continuous re-inventory (re-registration) of the book fund and property of the Fundamental Library began. During the re-inventory, books on the natural and exact sciences were allocated for the library in new buildings on Sparrow Hills, as well as rare books.

1948-1953 - a period of difficult work of the library staff with the active participation and assistance of university scientists in collecting funds for organizing libraries of a natural science profile in new buildings on the Sparrow (Lenin) Hills.

In 1952-1954. P.A. was appointed director of the library. Zaionchkovsky, a graduate of the Faculty of History of the Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (IFLI), professor at Moscow State University. Thanks to his efforts, the scientific ties of the university library with the GBL and GPIB were strengthened, much attention was paid to the development of retrospective bibliography, the preparation of bibliographic reference books and indexes on Russian history, in which the library staff took the most direct part: "History Handbooks of Pre-Revolutionary Russia" (M ., 1971; 2nd ed., additional - M., 1978); "History of Russia in diaries and memoirs" (In 5 vols., 13 books. M., 1976-1989), etc.

In 1953, the university library was granted the right to exchange books directly with the institutions of the socialist countries.

During these years, the library of Moscow State University receives funds from the GBL, BAN, the library of the Agricultural Academy, the historical and medical libraries, from the institutes of geodesy, zoology, Leningrad University, etc. 555 private libraries were received from professors of the university and the Academy of Sciences, more than 100 thousand units were purchased reprints of articles and materials. The book collection of M.I. Fabrikant, a professor at Moscow University, an art critic, the library of P.K. Bazilevich - professor at Moscow University, historian.

The number of books received in two years is equal to all the acquisitions of the library in the previous 160 years of its existence.

On September 1, 1953, new buildings were opened on Sparrow Hills, and libraries were opened simultaneously in all branch departments at the natural faculties of Moscow State University.

In the old building of the Fundamental Library there were funds on the profile of the humanities faculties of the university.

Since that time, the university has lost a single fundamental library, where all the publications entering the library would be presented.

1955 - by this time, 823,856 copies of technical, reference, agricultural literature, books of universal content and fiction were collected in the Main building of Moscow State University on Sparrow Hills. The Fund is located on 16 tiers of book storage from the 12th to the 22nd floor in the central part of the Main Building, which was equipped with the latest technology: a conveyor-lift with a lifting height of 74 m and automatic unloading of books at destinations, an elevator for transporting goods, high metal racks with sliding shelves, etc. Around the book storage there are reading rooms of three branch service departments of the geographical, geological and mechanical and mathematical faculties.

In addition, the Central Loan, two educational libraries, a loan for workers and employees, reading rooms for periodicals and technical literature, an MBA, and a Consolidated (Central) catalog were opened in the Main Building of Moscow State University.

Branch departments of the library were organized in the buildings of the physical, chemical, and biological and soil faculties, each of which was an integral specialized library with a separate book fund (about 200 thousand copies), catalogs (alphabetic and systematic), reading rooms and a subscription, information - bibliographic sector.

During these years, a single library card was introduced in the library, which allowed the reader to use the funds of any service department.

In the year of the 200th anniversary of Moscow State University (1955), the Scientific Library of the University had 5,128,949 copies of domestic and foreign literature, the number of readers increased to 31,392, 45 reading rooms were opened for 2600 seats, the number of library employees was 504 people.

1956-1985

Since the mid 1950s. Significant changes took place in the life of the library, closely related to the development of Moscow University as a whole, with fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the country after 1956, with the beginning of the reforms of the 1990s.

In 1956, specialist bibliographers from the branch departments of the library began to conduct classes on the basics of library and bibliographic orientation for first-year students, which would later be included in the course "Introduction to the specialty" at all faculties of Moscow State University.

In 1959, a coordinating center for the acquisition of foreign literature in the universities of the USSR was created in the library.

From 1959 to 1962 the post of director of the library was held by a graduate of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University A.M. Sakharov, being at the same time an assistant professor of the history of Russia in the period of feudalism. Under him, the system of card catalogs was approved in the library, which still exists today. He supervised the preparation of the publications "Moscow University in 50 Years of Soviet Power" (1967) and "Moscow University in the Great Patriotic War" (1975). Until the last days of his life, he headed a group of authors who prepared commemorative publications about Moscow State University for the 225th anniversary of its founding.

In 1960, the Scientific Library of Moscow State University became the methodological center of the libraries of the country's universities;

From 1962 to 1968 the post of director of the university library on a voluntary basis was held by A.I. Mikhailov, who headed the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI) since 1956. Under the leadership of A.I. Mikhailov, the Russian school of informatics began to take shape, he supervised all the main work on the creation and development of the GSNTI.

The scientific library of the university developed together with the university, replenished funds, mastered new forms of library and information services: pre-registration in the library, issuance of sets of basic textbooks to 1st year students; Chair Days and Information Days; reviews of new literature acquisitions; issue of bulletins of new arrivals and many others. others

Since 1966, library staff have been participating in archaeological expeditions to find and collect valuable collections of early printed books to replenish the fund of the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts.

In the 1960s the library receives book collections: A.S. Akhmanova - professor of the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, F.E. Korsh - professor of classical philology, linguist, Slavist, orientalist, M.M. Pokrovsky - academician, professor at Moscow University, classical philologist, specialist in the Latin language and Roman literature.

In 1970 - 1986 The director of the library was N.S. Avalova, a graduate of the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, who had worked in the library since 1959.

After the completion of the construction of the 1st educational (humanitarian) building on the Sparrow Hills, here from the buildings of Moscow State University on Mokhovaya Street. some humanities faculties are being transferred.

In 1971, a library was opened here, in which 7 reading rooms for 500 seats, two subscriptions - educational and fiction, a section for reference and bibliographic work and two catalogs - alphabetical and systematic. The funds of branch departments of service - historical, philological, philosophical, economic faculties (more than 500 thousand copies) and subscription of fiction merge into one department. The organization of the fund, the reference apparatus and the service of readers required great efforts and huge labor costs, because. there was no experience in organizing such pooled funds.

From the first years, the opened library in the 1st academic building has become the most visited branch department, the department fund has grown to 700 thousand copies, more than 1200 readers visit it every day.

In 1973, in the House of Postgraduate and Intern (DAS) on the street. Shvernik opened a reading room with an auxiliary fund.

In 1975, in the old Assembly Hall in the university building at 11 Mokhovaya Street, on the basis of the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Library, a permanent exhibition of books was opened, private libraries of the Decembrists Muravyovs, historian Granovsky, General Yermolov and others were also housed there.

In the same building in 1976, in the office of university rectors, a memorial office-library was opened for the rector of Moscow State University (from 1951 to 1973) I.G. Petrovsky, it housed his personal library donated to the university (20,000 volumes).

Traditionally, library staff are involved in the preparation of reference, bibliographic and information publications: "Scientific organization of the educational process in higher education" (1964-1981), "Chronicle of Moscow University" (1979), "Proceedings of scientists of the philological faculty of Moscow University on Slavic linguistics" (1960 -1979), History of pre-revolutionary Russia in diaries and memoirs" (1976-1988), "Consolidated catalog of books in foreign languages ​​published in Russia in the 18th century. 1701-1800." (1984-1986), "New history" (1980), "Social psychology" (1983), "Moscow University for 225 years (1983)," Printed works and dissertations Moscow University 1976-1980, (1978-1984), etc.

During these years, two books on the history of the library were published: Sorokina V.V. History of the Library of Moscow University 1800-1917. (1980) and Lesokhina E.M., Kharkova A.M. History of the Library of Moscow University. 1917-1949 (1981); a number of books on the history and description of the collections of the department of rare books and manuscripts: "Handwritten and printed book in the collections of the Scientific Library of Moscow State University" (1977), E.G. Kashutina, N.G. Saprykin. Bookplate in the collection of the Scientific Library of Moscow State University (1985), N.I. Safonova, K.S. Kuibyshev. Watercolors by the Decembrist Pyotr Ivanovich Borisov (1986) and others.

By this time, the library fund had grown to 6,996,233 copies, with the commissioning of a new building of the humanities faculties, the number of reading rooms increased to 53 for 2674 seats.

In 1982, the 2nd educational building was opened for classes, where the library maintenance department was organized according to the profile of the faculties - computational mathematics and cybernetics (CMiK), law, funds were transferred from the library of the 1st educational building according to the profile of the Faculty of Economics, as well as other divisions of the university, located in the 2nd academic building.

1986-

Since 1986, a new stage in the development of the university library has begun. V.V. was appointed the director of the library. Mosyagin, a graduate of the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, who heads the library to this day. From the mid 1980s. the introduction and development of computerization of all library and information processes begins in the library.

In 1988, the department of computerization of information and library processes was organized. The staff of the department began to develop the program of integrated computerization "Library", which was based on the US MARC format of the US Congress Library, adopted in most bibliographic databases of the world.

In 1990, the development of the Library program was completed and the entry into the electronic catalog of bibliographic descriptions of all new books received since 1990, as well as dissertations defended at Moscow State University, began.

The process of the library's transition to modern computer technologies required a radical revision of the production process of the so-called "book path": ordering, buying, accounting, distribution among funds, systematization, cataloging, production of index cards, etc.

It became necessary to reorganize the departments for the acquisition of domestic and foreign literature, the department for scientific processing of literature. Instead, in 1991, a recruitment department with 7 sectors was organized. The central among them was the acquisition and systematization sector, whose functions include: determining the order for the purchase of literature, entering a detailed bibliographic description into the electronic catalog.

With these transformations, the computerization of the library of Moscow University began.

By order of the Rector of Moscow State University (No. 1132 of October 12, 1987), new “Rules for using the Scientific Library of Moscow State University named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov”, which reflected changes in the structure and activities of the university, the functions of the library, the realities that have developed over a long period after the introduction of the last “Rules for Using the Library” in 1964.

The new “Rules” include sections: “Library Readers and Their Rights”, “Procedure for Registering Readers”, “Procedure for Using Reading Rooms”, “Procedure for Using a Subscription”, “Responsibilities of Readers”, “Responsibility of Readers”, “Library Service Obligations readers." Particular attention was paid to the differentiated periods of use of literature (15 days, 2 months, a semester, or an academic year) issued for subscription.

Since 1988, the work in the library service departments has been carried out in accordance with the new “Instruction on registration, re-registration and the procedure for servicing readers in the Scientific Library of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov". It defines reader categories, outlines the procedure for preparing reader documents in various departments of the library, collects samples of documents related to these types of work, the 2nd edition of the "Instructions" was prepared in 2002.

In recent years, new technological and methodological instructions for working with funds have been drawn up, new forms and methods of serving readers have been mastered, and a number of paid services have been introduced.

In the 1980-90s. the publishing activity of the library continues: collections “From the fund of rare books and manuscripts of the Scientific Library of Moscow University”, bibliographic indexes “University Education in the USSR” (1987), “Systematic Listing of Publications of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature at Moscow University 1811-1830” are published. and etc.

From 1988 to 1992 Fundamental structural changes affected the service and book storage departments at Sparrow Hills and Mokhovaya Street, which was caused by the urgent need to strengthen measures for the preservation and use of funds, and optimize reader service. New structures were approved: the service department for fundamental book storage; maintenance department of the 2nd academic building. The storage department in the Main Building of Moscow State University is abolished, its funds are assigned to the sectoral service departments of the geographical, geological, mechanical and mathematical faculties, the department of subscription of scientific and fiction literature of the natural faculties, for which book storage sectors are organized in their structure. The fund of domestic and foreign periodicals on the profile of these faculties is assigned to the department of storage of periodicals.

Received the status of service departments of the library unit in SAI, ISAA, the Center for International Education, the faculties of journalism, psychology; a subscription for workers and employees, libraries of student dormitories, which included a subscription in a hostel (FDS) on Lomonosovsky Prospect, reading rooms - on Vernadsky Prospekt (DSV) and st. Shvernik (DAS).

In the structure of service departments - at the physical, chemical, biological and soil science, mechanical and mathematical faculties, in the 1st and 2nd educational buildings, sectors of information and bibliographic work were allocated. In the service departments of the faculties: biological and soil science, physical, chemical and journalism, the subscription sector is distinguished. Subscriptions of educational literature were opened in departments at the faculties of mechanics and mathematics, psychology, which significantly reduced the time spent by students during the period of mass issuance and reception of literature.

Since 1988, in the current work with funds, it was decided to begin reconciliation of the main fund of the library with accounting documents - topographic catalogs in all branch service departments, annually the volume of the checked fund is 250 - 300 thousand copies. As a result of the reconciliation, corrections are made to the alphabetical and systematic catalogues, and some publications found during the reconciliation are recatalogued.

In 1991, the structure of the library was organized. The library received a unique collection of tape recordings of conversations-memoirs with figures of Russian science and culture of the first half of the 20th century, founded by VD Duvakin. This collection contains hundreds of interviews of witnesses and participants in the cultural construction in our country, major scientists, writers and cultural figures. Since 2003, the fund of the department of phono documents has been called the “Collection of phono documents named after V.D. Duvakin", and the department was named the Department of Oral History.

In the Department of Oral History, work is underway to study and decipher existing audio documents and create new records. The results of the work were reflected in the annotated electronic catalog of phono documents (the volume of the catalog is 1300 records), in the speeches of the department’s employees at Russian and international conferences and seminars, in the publication of transcribed conversations and thematic reviews of phono documents in scientific and popular science collections and almanacs (“Man” , "Arbat archive", etc.).

An annotated catalog of records was created for the fund of the Department of Oral History, an author's card file and a card file of personalities exist for the fund. Annotated reviews have been compiled for many topics and personalities.

In 2010, the staff of the Department created the non-profit Foundation for the Development of Humanitarian Research "Oral History". The fund was created to search for and attract additional forces and funds for the development of activities for the study of domestic science and culture by means and method of oral history. In 2012, a cooperation agreement was signed between the Foundation and the Library. The results of the joint work can be viewed on the website under the heading Oral History.

In 1992, the need to preserve the special fund disappears, the department of the special fund is abolished, and the entire accumulated fund of publications that were previously closed due to the requirements of ideological censorship is transferred to the main library fund.

In the 1990s the question of maintaining the level of acquisition of the library's funds arose sharply, in view of the fact that in 1991 the state financing of university libraries for acquisition was terminated.

In 1992, the library of Moscow State University managed to obtain targeted funding from the Ministry of Finance for the purchase of foreign journals. In 1993, foreign periodicals were not purchased, since 1994 they have been purchased at the expense of extrabudgetary funds of the university. Since 1998, half of the necessary funds have been allocated by the Rectorate, and the other half by the faculties. Over the years, the cost of purchasing foreign periodicals has decreased from $240,000 in 1991 to $156,171 in 2004.

Today, preparatory work is underway to acquire electronic databases of leading foreign scientific journals and ongoing publications, access to which is expected to be opened in the new building of the Fundamental Library.

Since that time, the practice of acquiring multi-copy educational literature at the expense of faculties has taken a large place.

In addition, in order to increase the availability of books, the efficiency of the use of funds while reducing the number of copies in the current acquisition, the following measures were taken: reducing the amount of book lending for a loan, strict control over the terms of use of literature issued for a loan, approval of a new procedure for accepting books to replace those lost by readers and a list of books recommended for replacement, closure or restriction of open access to funds, work with orders for expulsion of students and graduate students from Moscow State University after graduation, and many others.

Research work in the library is carried out in 3 departments - computerization of information and bibliographic processes, rare books and manuscripts and the department of audio documents.

The results of scientific research of the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts (ORKiR) are reflected in the ongoing publication "From the Fund of Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Scientific Library of Moscow University", in professional periodicals ("Librarian", "Scientific and Technical Libraries"), the bulletins of Moscow State University and the Russian Academy of Sciences, at the annual Lomonosov readings.

In accordance with the order of the rector "On the development of the MSU library computer network", in 1994 a new stage of computerization of information and library processes at MSU began - providing wide access to the electronic catalog of the library for students, university staff from workplaces in reading rooms, departments, laboratories. Research work of the department of computerization of information and library processes is aimed at the introduction of modern information technologies in the library.

Since 1996, the library's databases have been integrated into the Internet. The Library software has become fully compatible with the Internet environment.

The Department of Library Computer Network Operation (BCN) was introduced into the structure of the library.

For the 1990s in the library were opened: a reading room for the Faculty of Law (1992), a reading room of the French College. Louis Ashetta (1995), reading room of the F.D. Roosevelt for US Studies (1998), a reading room with an auxiliary fund for management sciences (2001) in the maintenance department of the 1st academic building; a reading room for foreign literature on economics and economic sciences (1994), a reading room for the Center for European Documentation of the European Community (1997), a computer room "Internet class" (1998) in the maintenance department of the 2nd academic building; Service Department of the Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (1997).

The traditional sources of completing the library of the university remain: the purchase of domestic and periodicals, obtaining a free legal copy from the Russian Book Chamber (RCC) of all publications published in the Russian Federation, as well as the purchase of foreign scientific journals for foreign currency and through international book exchange (IBC), receipt of gifts from organizations, publishers and individuals.

In recent years, the flow of new acquisitions to the fund has increased: in 2004, the library of Moscow State University received only 150,456 copies of books, journals, dissertations and other types of publications, of which 7,604 copies are foreign. 24,899 copies were received by legal deposit.

Every year, the fund receives 1,900 sets of domestic periodicals from the RCP, about 1,400 sets are purchased by the university for the amount of 3.8 million rubles.

The library carries out book exchange with 164 foreign partners - universities, libraries and research centers in 33 countries of the world.

Foreign journals come from the following sources: subscription through EBPCO/Lange & Springer - 131 titles, ICE - 446 titles, 4 titles - we receive as a gift.

In April 2002, at the initiative of the rector of Moscow State University V.A. Sadovnichy, a charitable action "A Book for a Student" was announced, calling on professors, teachers, researchers and graduates of the university to continue the glorious tradition of donating books to the university library in connection with the 250th anniversary of Moscow University.

Since 2000, the library of the Chernomorsky branch of Moscow State University in Sevastopol has been completed. Library staff were provided with methodological assistance in organizing the branch library. Over the years, more than 1,500 copies of educational and scientific literature have been sent to Sevastopol.

In 2002, the staff of the library's computerization department created a new software product, Sigla. This program allows you to conduct a simultaneous search in the electronic catalogs of most libraries in the world.

The next step in the development of modern information technologies in the library will be the organization of library and information services for readers in the new building of the Fundamental Library of Moscow State University on Lomonosovsky Prospekt.

On January 25, 2005, the 250th anniversary of Moscow University was widely celebrated. The scientific library took an active part in the preparation of anniversary exhibitions: in the State Historical Museum, in the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin together with other museums (“Scientists in the Circle of Art”), in the Assembly Hall on Mokhovaya St., 11 together with the Faculty of Journalism (“Moscow University - the cradle of Russian journalism”). In addition, anniversary exhibitions on the profile of all faculties and institutes of Moscow State University were organized in all branch departments of the library.

Library staff participated in the anniversary university projects: "Chronicle of Moscow University", "Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. 1755-2005", "Moscow University in women's faces", etc.

The Department of Sound Documents has prepared for publication the book "Mathematicians Tell", dedicated to the history of the famous Moscow mathematical school. The book includes the memoirs of P.S. Alexandrova, B.V. Gnedenko, L.A. Lyusternik, D.E. Menshova, O.S. Oleinik, L.I. Sedova, A.P. Yushkevich, the preface to the book was written by the rector of Moscow State University, Academician V.A. Sadovnichy.

In 2002, the Decree of the Government of Moscow “On the construction of the Fundamental Library of the Moscow State University named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov and a residential area on a land plot along Lomonosovsky Prospekt (Western Administrative District)”.

In 2003, the construction of a new building of the Fundamental Library began.

On January 25, 2005, on the day of the founding of Moscow University - St. Tatiana's Day - the construction of the Intellectual Center - the Fundamental Library was completed. The building is located on Lomonosovsky Prospekt, in the center of a new space transferred to the university for the construction of educational buildings, a medical center, sports facilities, and a residential area.

In a building on an area of ​​55,000 sq. m. are located: the Museum of the History of Moscow State University, the Hall of the Academic Council, 2 conference rooms, the production premises of the library, book storage for 4.5 million volumes, 25 reading rooms.

Already at the end of 2004, work began on moving the funds and equipment of the library from the library building on Mokhovaya Street. to a new building. In total, about 3 million volumes in the humanities are to be moved. By the beginning of 2006-2007 The fund of dissertations and abstracts defended at the humanities faculties of Moscow State University was completely moved. Until February 2015, the dynamics of the movement of funds was reflected on the library's website under the heading Cipher Range.

By 2014, work was completed on selecting dissertations and abstracts defended at Moscow State University from 1990 to 2005 from the collections of departments of the natural science profile and including them in the collection of the Dissertation Department located in the Fundamental Library.

In this library, for the first time in our practice, computer technology has been introduced: at the library registration area - an electronic ticket in the form of a plastic card, registration and delivery of an order for literature in electronic form, since 2012, readers are given the opportunity to make a remote order, scientific processing and arrangement of literature by assigned numbers and other innovations.

Since 2006, the halls of card and electronic catalogs, the reader registration department (sector B-1st floor), reading rooms: the student reading room and the hall of periodicals of the current year (sector B-2nd floor), the reading room of the department dissertations (sector A - 8th floor). In the halls for readers, access to the electronic catalogs of the library, as well as to some Full-text databases of foreign journals is possible.

In 2008, in the Shuvalov building on the new territory of Moscow State University, the Library Department was organized for library and information services for the educational process of the faculties: public administration (FGU), historical, philosophical, political science.

There are 4 sectors in the structure of the department: reading rooms and catalogs, information and bibliographic work (ISB), book storage with a subscription of scientific literature, a subscription of educational literature.

In 2011, a new “Regulations on the Scientific Library of the Moscow State University named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov, which regulates the activities of the library as a structural unit within the Moscow University.

In 2014, the Library and Information Center of the Faculty of Law and the Higher School of Public Audit (BIC) was organized in the 4th building of the university. Acquisition of the fund with legal literature has begun.

In 2016, the FFM and the library service department (B-201) moved to the Lomonosovsky building (27 Lomonosovsky prospekt, building 1).

There are 2 sectors in the structure of the BIC: the sector of reading rooms and information and bibliographic work and the sector of book storage with a subscription to scientific literature.

The Scientific Library of Moscow State University today is a division of the university, located in 17 buildings of the university, covering an area of ​​about 90,000 sq.m.

There are 45 departments in the structure of the library, of which: 27 departments for servicing readers and storing funds, departments for information systems and information technologies, organizational and methodological work, acquisition, organization of catalogs, information and bibliographic work, rare books and manuscripts, oral history, Central methodical office for library and bibliographic work of universities, operational printing, restoration and bookbinding, etc.

The unified management of the library is carried out by the library directorate. In the structure of the library - accounting, personnel department, administrative and economic divisions.

The staff of the library is 700 people.

The library fund is more than 10 million copies of literature, including 4.5 million foreign publications.

In June 2018, the volume of the electronic catalog exceeded 816 thousand titles. In addition to the main catalog, separate electronic catalogs and file cabinets are maintained in various fields of knowledge based on the list of journal articles, a general catalog of periodicals entering the library.

The number of readers is 57,000.

Readers are served in 63 reading rooms with 3,500 seats and 20 subscriptions.

More than 60 years ago - on September 1, 1953 - the new building of the Moscow State University (MGU) named after M.V. M.V. Lomonosov - the legendary skyscraper on the Sparrow Hills. This building has become a symbol of one of the oldest universities in the country and a home for many generations of students. The famous high-rise building of Moscow State University was built in record time for the 20th century - in just five years.

History of the Main Building of Moscow State University

At the suggestion of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Joseph Stalin, in January 1947, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to build eight high-rise buildings in Moscow, one of which was the main building of Moscow State University on the Lenin (now Sparrow - Ed.) Hills.

The design of the Moscow State University skyscraper was entrusted to the architect Boris Iofan (1891 - 1976), who had previously completed a number of large government orders. He proposed the composition of the building in the form of five buildings with a high-rise central part and four symmetrically located lower side volumes topped with turrets - pinnacles.

At the top of the high-rise part of the building, B. Iofan at first intended to install a sculpture of M.V. Lomonosov, but subsequently provided for the completion of the building with a spire with a five-pointed star, as in other Stalinist skyscrapers.

The architect wanted to design a skyscraper on the edge of the Lenin Hills, but geologists expressed concern that with such an arrangement of a huge structure, it would not be possible to ensure the stability of its foundation. This could lead to disaster, as the area is dangerous in terms of landslides. B. Iofan did not agree with the opinion of geologists, which led to a delay in the design and construction of the building. As a result, these disagreements caused the resignation of B. Iofan.

In the future, work on the design of the skyscraper was carried out by a group of architects led by architect Lev Rudnev (1885 - 1956). He moved the building 800 meters deep into the territory, and created an observation deck at the place chosen by B. Iofan.

The foundation and frame of the Main Building of Moscow State University were developed by the creator of the Ostankino television tower, engineer Nikolai Nikitin (1907 - 1973). The fundamentally new technical solutions proposed by him made it possible to build a building of variable height in difficult soil conditions.

The sculptural decoration of the facades was carried out by the workshop of Vera Mukhina. The spire, star and spikes are lined with yellow glass and aluminum plates, which creates the effect of gilding.

Few people know that Vera Mukhina turned to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Lavrenty Beria with a proposal to install her sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" in front of the university building, but was refused.

Building layout

The main sector "A" housed the Geological, Mechanics and Mathematics and Geography faculties, the administration, the administration, the scientific library, the Earth Science Museum, an assembly hall for 1500 people and the Palace of Culture of Moscow State University with a large hall (for 640 seats).

In the side sectors, a residential area was designed - apartments for faculty, dormitories for students and graduate students. Like other skyscrapers, the building was to house a cinema, a post office, telegraph, canteens, shops, a hairdresser, consumer services, a clinic and a sports center with a 25-meter swimming pool.

The 19-storey building of sectors "B" and "C" of the main building of Moscow State University, according to the project, has a basement, basement and technical floors. Residential rooms for students and graduate students occupy floors from the 2nd to the 18th, the total number of residents is up to 2000 people. Kitchen rooms with gas stoves were placed on each floor.

This layout of the building has survived to this day.

Construction

On March 6, 1951, Joseph Stalin personally approves the architectural and planning task for the construction of roads and landscaping of the territories adjacent to the future building of Moscow State University. The technical project, the general estimate for the construction of the Moscow State University complex, the number of storeys and the height of the spire are also approved by the Generalissimo himself.

At the time construction began, the Main Building of Moscow State University was the tallest building in Europe.

For 37 years, until the construction of the Messeturm in Frankfurt in 1990, the Main Building of Moscow State University was the tallest building in Europe. Before the construction of the Triumph Palace, the building was the tallest administrative and residential building in Moscow.

The construction of the skyscraper was supervised by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria.

Earthworks began in 1948, and the groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 12, 1949. Military construction units from nuclear industry facilities were transferred to the construction. The three largest buildings of the faculties - the Faculty of Physics, the Faculty of Chemistry and the Faculty of Biology - are being built by several thousand prisoners.

After four years of shock construction, on September 1, 1953, the main building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov was open.

Since its construction, the building has been renovated several times. Restoration work at individual facilities of the complex is still being carried out. For example, in 2014 the monuments to scientists on Sparrow Hills will be restored.

All sculptures are classified as objects of cultural heritage of regional significance. In particular, these are monuments to the founder of the theory of chemical structure A.M. Butlerov, the creator of the table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, founder of Moscow University M.V. Lomonosov, the founder of the first scientific physical school in Russia, P.N. Lebedev and the organizer of the first Russian educational and research physical laboratory A.G. Stoletov.

The monuments were erected on the territory of the university 60 years ago: the sculpture of Lomonosov - in front of the main building of the university, the monuments of Butlerov and Mendeleev - near the building of the Faculty of Chemistry, Lebedev and Stoletov - near the premises of the Faculty of Physics. The sculptures of Mendeleev and Lomonosov are cast in bronze, while the figures of Butlerov, Lebedev and Stoletov are cast iron.

Development of Moscow University

Today, Moscow State University includes 15 research institutes, 40 faculties, more than 300 departments and six branches (including five foreign ones). About 35 thousand students, five thousand graduate students, doctoral students, applicants and ten thousand students of preparatory departments study at the university, a total of about 50 thousand people.

Four thousand professors and teachers, about five thousand researchers work at the faculties and research centers.

Auxiliary and service personnel totals approximately 15 thousand people.

Of course, a dynamically growing university needs a new modern base. In this regard, the possibility of creating a scientific and technological valley "Vorobyovy Gory" on an area of ​​about 100 hectares is being worked out. The construction is planned to be completed by 2018.

The development of the concept will be supervised by the chief architect of Moscow Sergey Kuznetsov. Currently, a group of 80 people has already been created at Moscow State University, which is developing the idea.

The main goal of creating the valley is the possibility of scientific fundamental research by the laboratories of Moscow State University and an invitation to cooperation with high-tech corporations - primarily the oil and gas industries, as well as developers of social, information and biomedical technologies. It will be a modern town where fundamental science and high technologies should come together.

At the same time, at the beginning of 2014, the investor has already begun construction of a boarding school for gifted children at the intersection of Lomonosovsky Prospekt and Vernadsky Prospekt. Commissioning of the facility is scheduled for June 30, 2016. In the same place, the construction of two hostel buildings will begin in the near future.

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