Zinc chloride and its importance for humans. Zinc chloride - a substance with a wide range of applications Zinc chloride formula
ANNOTATION
The article provides information about the importance of zinc compounds, in particular zinc chloride, some of its properties and production technologies are considered.
Methods for obtaining zinc chloride and their testing in laboratory conditions are described in detail. Zinc chloride solutions were obtained by introducing pure zinc granules and plates into solutions of iron, copper and mercury chlorides.
Crystalline zinc chloride is obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on zinc hydroxide, followed by evaporation of the solution. The action of barium chloride on zinc sulfate and subsequent separation of barium sulfate gave a solution of zinc chloride and then crystalline zinc chloride.
Industrial methods for obtaining zinc chloride from burnt ore by dissolving in hydrochloric acid, by heating liquid zinc in a chlorine stream, by leaching zinc cakes - waste products of zinc concentrate processing with sulfuric acid solutions are considered. The requirements for zinc chloride are given.
A conclusion is made about the possibility of organizing the production of zinc chloride, since there are all possibilities for this in the republic.
ABSTRACT
Information about the importance of zinc compounds, in particular, zinc chloride is presented; some of its properties and production technologies are considered in the article.
Methods of obtaining zinc chloride and their approbation in laboratory conditions are described in detail. Solutions of zinc chloride are produced by the introduction of granules of pure zinc and plates into solutions of iron, copper and mercury chlorides.
Crystalline zinc chloride has been obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on zinc hydroxide followed by evaporation of the solution. A solution of zinc chloride and then crystalline zinc chloride is obtained by the action of barium chloride on zinc sulfate and the subsequent separation of barium sulphate.
Industrial methods for the production of zinc chloride from calcined ore by dissolving in hydrochloric acid, by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, by leaching zinc cakes - waste from processing of zinc concentrate with solutions of sulfuric acid are considered. The requirements for zinc chloride are given.
The conclusion is made about the opportunity of organizing the production of zinc chloride since the country has all the possibilities.
Keywords: zinc chloride, soldering, sediment, hydrochloric acid, hydrometallurgy, rolling.
keywords: zinc chloride; soldering; residue; hydrochloric acid; hydrometallurgy; roll bender.
Zinc chloride is widely used in Uzbekistan, but today it is not produced, despite the fact that there are a large number of zinc raw materials.
Zinc compounds are of great importance in the metallurgical, paint and varnish and chemical industries. The most important of these are zinc sulfate and zinc chloride. Other compounds - oxide and hydroxide, zinc sulfide and others - play the role of raw materials, intermediates and products in a number of industries. Some properties of the most important zinc compounds and the technology of zinc sulfate and zinc chloride are considered here.
Zinc chloride technical (zinc chloride) is used as a drying agent; for fire protection (fire-resistant foam, impregnation of cardboard and fabrics); for antiseptic impregnation of wood, sleepers; in fiber production; upon receipt of vanillin and zinc cyanide; in the production of dyes and dyeing of cotton; in oil refining; in aluminum production; in the process of soldering, galvanizing and preparing metal products for chromium plating; in galvanic batteries and for other purposes.
When brazing steel or copper cases, shields or other large items where other fluxes make soldering difficult, use only zinc chloride.
The experimental conditions completely imitate production conditions. The analysis of the initial ore, intermediate and final products was carried out using methods of analysis known and used at the enterprise.
In the laboratory, zinc chloride can be obtained by the action of pure zinc on solutions of some metal chlorides. Those metals that are to the right of zinc in the electrochemical series of voltages will be displaced by it from the compounds. The most common metals used in reagents are iron, copper, mercury, and silver. To carry out the reaction, a small amount of a solution of iron chloride (copper, mercury or silver) is taken into a test tube, then pure zinc granules or a zinc plate are added there.
2 FeCl 3 + 3 Zn = 3 ZnCl 2 + 2 Fe
Since the solution of iron chloride III has a yellow color, after the reaction, the solution becomes colorless, and pure iron precipitates. This is a visual confirmation of the successful reaction:
CuCl 2 + Zn = ZnCl 2 + CuHgCl 2 + Zn =
\u003d ZnCl 2 + Hg 2AgCl + Zn \u003d ZnCl 2 + 2 Ag
Another laboratory method for obtaining zinc chloride is the action of chloride salts of certain metals or hydrochloric acid on zinc compounds. To carry out the reaction, a calculated amount of zinc hydroxide is poured into a test tube and an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid is added. After carrying out the neutralization reaction, a colorless solution of zinc chloride is formed. To obtain a substance in dry form, the solution is transferred to a porcelain cup and placed on an electric stove. After evaporation a white precipitate is formed.
Zn(OH) 2 + 2 HCl = ZnCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
The required amount of zinc sulfate solution is taken into a test tube, and barium chloride is added. With the correct calculation, the substances react with each other completely (without residue), and the final products are separated. The barium sulfate will precipitate and the zinc chloride will remain in solution. The precipitate is filtered off and the solution is evaporated.
ZnSO 4 + BaCl 2 \u003d ZnCl 2 + BaSO 4 ↓
Zinc production is one of the largest metallurgical industries. The total volume of zinc production in the world is more than 8 million tons per year. In Uzbekistan, the main amount of zinc is produced by Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Plant JSC.
An industrial method of obtaining is the dissolution of zinc and its compounds in hydrochloric acid. Roasted ore can be used as the starting material. Subsequently, the resulting solution is evaporated, since the final product, in addition to zinc chloride, will be water or volatile gases.
Zn + 2 HCl \u003d ZnCl 2 + H 2 ZnO + 2 HCl \u003d
ZnCl 2 + H 2 OZnS + 2 HCl \u003d ZnCl 2 + H 2 S
Another industrial method for obtaining ZnCl 2 is heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine. To do this, granular zinc is melted at a temperature of 419.6 ° C (melting point of zinc).
Zn + Cl 2 \u003d t \u003d ZnCl 2
Zinc chloride obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on burnt ore and heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine must meet the following requirements:
Quality certificate (zinc chloride):
Index | Norm |
Appearance | White or slightly colored scales |
Mass fraction of the main substance, %, not less than | |
Substances insoluble in hydrochloric acid, %, no more | |
Sodium, potassium, calcium (Na + K + Ca), %, max | |
Mass fraction of iron (Fe), %, max | |
Mass fraction of heavy metals (Pb), %, max | |
Mass fraction of copper (Сu), %, max | |
Mass fraction of cadmium (Cd), %, max | |
Mass fraction of sulfates (SO 4 2-),%, no more |
In the calculation of the costs of metallurgical enterprises, the main share is the cost of the extracted metals in the purchased raw materials. Thus, the price of zinc in sulfide zinc flotation concentrates can be up to 60% of the cost of metal in ingots.
In the hydrometallurgical technology of zinc production, zinc concentrates after roasting and leaching form a significant amount (about 30-45%) of a solid intermediate product - zinc cakes, which, depending on the raw materials supplied for roasting, contain a large number of valuable components - compounds of zinc, lead, copper , cadmium, silver, gold, as well as trace elements: thallium, indium, etc. At the same time, up to 80% of indium supplied with the original zinc concentrate goes into leaching cakes. The content of zinc in cakes is about 15-25%, which is comparable to that in oxidized zinc ores, however, the forms of finding the metal in cakes require special processing methods.
According to available data, the following main technologies for processing zinc cakes have been developed and also commercialized:
– Hydrometallurgical – mainly reduced to leaching of zinc cakes with sulfuric acid solutions at elevated temperatures (70-200°C). Further technology is reduced to the purification of the resulting solution of zinc sulfate from impurities, primarily from iron, in order to ensure its quality required for electrolysis. Iron from the solution is most often removed into a separate, as a "tail" product.
– Pyrometallurgical methods using processes occurring at temperatures of 400-1300°C. The main method of pyrometallurgical processing is Waelz, i.e. high-temperature firing in rotary tube furnaces. There are also known technologies for sublimation of zinc in an electric arc furnace, magnetizing roasting followed by leaching of cinders, chlorinating roasting in fluidized bed furnaces.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has all the possibilities for the production of zinc chloride. Based on the data of literary sources and the experimental work carried out, it can be concluded that it is possible to obtain zinc chloride under industrial conditions.
Bibliography:
1. Burriel-Marta F., Ramirez-Muñoz X. Flame photometry. – M.: Mir, 1972. – 520 p.
2. GOST 20851.4-75. Mineral fertilizers. Water determination method. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 2000. - 5 p.
3. GOST 20851.3-93. Mineral fertilizers. Methods for determining the mass fraction of potassium. - M.: Standards Publishing House, 1995. - 41 p.
4. GOST 24024.12-81. Phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Methods for the determination of sulfates. - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1981. - 4 p.
5. Methods for the analysis of complex fertilizers // M.M. Vinnik and others - M .: Chemistry, 1975. - 218 p.
6. Obtaining zinc chloride under production conditions / M.S. Rosilov et al. // Kimyo sanoatida innovation technologylar va ularni rivojlantirish istiqbollari. - Urgench, 2017. - S. 222-223.
7. Obtaining zinc chloride from zinc-containing raw materials / M.S. Rosilov and others // Kimyo sanoati-da innovation technologylar va ularni rivojlantirish istiqbollari. - Urgench, 2017. - S. 220-221.
8. Rosilov M.S., Samadiy M.A. Investigation of the Waelzization of zinc cakes, which provides an increase in the extraction of zinc into sublimates // Materials of the XI-International. sci.-tech. conf. "Achievements, problems and modern trends in the development of the mining and metallurgical complex" (Navoi, June 14-16, 2017). - Navoi, 2017. - 421 p.
Zinc chloride (Zinc chloride, Zinc dichloride, Soldering acid)- chemical compound of zinc with chlorine.
Physiochemical properties.
Formula ZnCl 2 . White powder. Density 2.91 g/cm 3 . Melting point - 318°C. The melted preparation is a transparent porcelain mass. Boiling point 732°C. At 650÷700°C, a thick white smoke of sublimating ZnCl 2 is formed. Extremely hygroscopic, humid air passed over ZnCl 2 contains only 0.98 mg/l H 2 O. In the temperature range 12.5÷26°C it can exist as a hydrate ZnCl 2 ×1.5H 2 O with a melting point of 26 °C, which is very soluble in water, ethanol, glycerin.
| Solvent | Temperature, °C | Solubility, g/100g solvent |
| ethanol | 12,5 | 100 |
| sulphur dioxide | 0 | 0,160 |
| Glycerol | 15,3 | 49,9 |
| liquid ammonia | Not soluble | |
| diethyl ether | Highly soluble | |
| pyridine | 0 | 1,6 |
| 20 | 2,6 | |
| 105 | 19,4 | |
| Acetone | 18 | 43,5 |
| Water | 0 | 208 |
| 10 | 272 | |
| 20 | 367 | |
| 25 | 408 | |
| 30 | 435 | |
| 40 | 453 | |
| 50 | 471 | |
| 60 | 495 | |
| 80 | 549 | |
| 100 | 614 |
Application.
Zinc chloride (zinc chloride) is used:
- as a drying agent;
- in the fire business for fire protection (fire-resistant foam, impregnation of cardboard and fabrics);
- for antiseptic impregnation of wood, sleepers;
- in the production of fiber;
- in the chemical industry in the production of vanillin and zinc cyanide;
- in technological processes of production of dyes and dyeing of cotton;
- in the oil industry during oil refining;
- in metallurgy in the production of metals such as aluminum, in soldering processes, in the preparation of metal products for galvanizing and chrome plating;
- in galvanic batteries and for other purposes.
Activated carbon is a product of heat treatment of carbon-containing raw materials (wood, peat, coal), which has a porous structure and, due to this, a large surface area. It is used to clean gases and liquids from impurities.
The use of zinc chloride in the technology of activated carbon production makes it possible to obtain activated carbon with high technical performance.
For example, for birch sawdust activated carbon, treatment with zinc chloride allows a 20-fold increase in specific surface area from 50 m 2 /g to 1000 m 2 /g compared to untreated activated carbon.
The technology for the production of activated carbon using zinc chloride for birch sawdust with a size of 5 mm is carried out in three stages.
1. At the beginning, the starting material is impregnated with an aqueous solution of zinc chloride (0.5 kg of zinc chloride per 1 kg of sawdust). Then drying is carried out for 50-70 hours at a temperature of 102-105 °C. Drying is carried out until the weight of the material stops decreasing.
2. Heat treatment (carbonization) is carried out in a horizontal flow reactor in an argon flow at 25–800 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min and holding at the final temperature for 30 minutes. with horizontal flow reactor in argon flow
3. Washing the products with water for 1.5 hours at a temperature of 60 degrees C to a neutral environment.
This product has a pore size of 0.5-3 µm and a fibrous texture. Specific surface 1000 m 2 /g.
Electrolytic zinc-cobalt coatings are used instead of cadmium coatings in shipbuilding. These coatings have high corrosion resistance in marine atmospheres, but unlike cadmium coatings, they are cheaper and less toxic.
The zinc-cobalt coating was carried out from an electrolyte of the following composition (g/l):
Zinc chloride (in terms of metal) 30-40;
Cobalt (II) chloride (in terms of metal) 10-20;
Ammonium chloride 20-260;
Boric acid 20-30;
Bone glue 2-3.
The preparation of an electrolyte for the electrodeposition of a zinc-cobalt alloy to replace the toxic cadmium plating electrolyte is carried out as follows:
1) Dissolve the calculated amount of ammonium chloride and the solution is introduced into the electroplating bath;
2) Dissolve the calculated amount of zinc chloride in a separate container and add it to the ammonium chloride solution;
3) Dissolve cobalt chloride and introduce into ammonium chloride solution;
4) The calculated amount of boric acid is introduced into the electrolyte, which is previously dissolved in hot water.
The electrolyte must be kept for a day for the formation of complexes of zinc and cobalt. The electrolyte is filtered, the pH of the electrolyte is adjusted to the required value and processed at a current density of 0.5-0.7 A/DM 2 for 2-3 hours. Then the TsKN-3 additive or glue is introduced. Glue must first be soaked in warm water (t = 40-45 ° C). After the introduction of glue or additives, the electrolyte must be worked out in the operating mode for 1 hour until a coating of the required quality is obtained.
The electrolyte is corrected according to the data of chemical analysis for zinc and cobalt. A complex salt of zinc and cobalt is introduced into the electrolyte. The addition of glue or TsKN-3 is carried out according to the appearance of the coating. The pH of the electrolyte is adjusted by adding ammonium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid (1:2).
Production of laboratory samples of zinc-cobalt coating:
1) The sample to be coated is degreased in an alkaline environment;
2) Washing the sample in distilled water at a temperature of 298K;
3) The sample is etched in an acid solution, the composition of which depends on the base material. In the case of a copper sample, etching is carried out in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. In the case of a steel base, pickling is carried out in hydrochloric acid;
4) Washing the sample in distilled water at a temperature of 298K.
A saturated solution of zinc chloride is used as a flux when soldering with soft low-tin solders POS-18, POS-30, etc. This flux is used in cases where the corrosive effect of flux residues does not matter and special strength is not required from the solder. In this way, products made of zinc, galvanized iron, iron, brass, copper are soldered.
Zinc chloride is part of a paste flux for brazing stainless steel. This flux is produced in the following way. Crystalline sodium tetraborate and boric acid are mixed in equal amounts. Then the powder mixture is introduced into a saturated aqueous solution of zinc chloride until a paste-like consistency is obtained.
In addition, zinc chloride is used together with ammonium chloride as a flux in the melting and pouring of plain bearings based on cadmium alloys.
Wood is a low-resistant material to rot (infection with spores of wood-destroying fungi).
For the operation of wooden products near sources of fungal infection (temperature from +2 to +45 ° C, humidity more than 25%), wood is impregnated with an antiseptic - a saturated solution of zinc chloride. For example, the average length of service of a railway sleepers impregnated with zinc chloride is: pine - 15 years; spruce, beech - 10 years; oak - 18 years old. Impregnation is carried out under pressure or in open baths by immersion.
Receipt.
Zinc chloride is obtained by dissolving zinc or its oxide in hydrochloric acid, followed by evaporation of the solutions or by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine.
Chloride zinc- a white chemical compound with hygroscopicity. It is perfectly soluble in water, in dry form it has a crystalline structure. Possesses chemical properties classical for soluble salts zinc. Can be obtained by dissolving zinc or its oxide in hydrochloric acid by heating the liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, by displacing other metals from their compounds (chlorides) with zinc.
Instruction
1. Industrial method of acquisition - dissolution zinc and its compounds in hydrochloric acid. Roasted ore can be used as starting material. In the future, the resulting solution is evaporated, because. final product, in addition to chloride zinc, will be water or volatile gases. Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl? + H??ZnO + 2 HCl = ZnCl? + H?OZnS + 2 HCl = ZnCl? +H?S?
2. Another industrial method for acquiring ZnCl? - heating liquid zinc in a chlorine stream. To do this, granulated zinc is melted at a temperature of 419.6 ° C (melting point zinc).Zn + Cl? =t= ZnCl?
3. Chlorine in the lab zinc can be obtained by the action of a pure zinc on solutions of chlorides of some metals. Those metals that are to the right zinc in the electrochemical series of voltages, they will be displaced from the connections. Particularly common metals that are part of the reagents are steel, copper, mercury and silver. To carry out the reaction, pour a small amount of a solution of iron chloride (copper, mercury or silver) into a test tube. After that, drop the granules of pure zinc or a zinc plate.2 FeCl? + 3 Zn = 3 ZnCl? + 2 FeТ.к. the solution of iron chloride III has a yellow color, then after the reaction, the solution will become colorless, and pure steel will precipitate. This will be a visual confirmation of the successful completion of the reaction.CuCl? + Zn = ZnCl? + CuHgCl? + Zn = ZnCl? + Hg2 AgCl + Zn = ZnCl? + 2Ag
4. Another laboratory method for acquiring chloride zinc- the action of metal chlorides or hydrochloric acid on compounds zinc. To carry out the reaction, pour the calculated amount of hydroxide into the test tube zinc, add an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid. After the neutralization reaction, a colorless chloride solution is formed. zinc. If you need to get the substance in a dry form, pour the solution into an evaporating cup and place it on an electric stove. After evaporation, a white precipitate or plaque should remain on the walls of the test tube. Zn(OH)? + 2 HCl = ZnCl? + 2 H?O Required amount of sulfate zinc pour into a test tube and add barium chloride. With a correct calculation, the substances will react with each other completely (without residue) and the final products will separate. Barium sulfate will precipitate, and chloride zinc will remain in solution. You can filter the precipitate and evaporate the solution. ZnSO? +BaCl? = ZnCl? +BaSO??
Chlorides are compounds of metals with chlorine. Chlorides are salts. Chlorine atoms in the composition of chlorides can be interpreted as acid residues of hydrochloric acid. Thus, chlorides can be considered as salts of metals and hydrochloric acid. Getting chloride at home is not a special task. Particularly easy to obtain is sodium chloride.
You will need
- Hydrochloric acid (sold in pharmacies). Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, sold in stores). Glass retort. Glass or iron spatula or spoon.
Instruction
1. Prepare hydrochloric acid solution. If the acid is concentrated, it must be diluted. Pour water into the retort. Add the acid in a thin stream, stirring the solution continuously. If the hydrochloric acid solution is not concentrated, easily pour it into the retort. The amount of hydrochloric acid solution in the retort should not be huge in order to prevent it from splashing out during the reaction.
2. Prepare sodium bicarbonate. Usually it is a powder, but it has the quality of caking when exposed to moisture to form lumps. If the sodium bicarbonate powder contains lumps, remove them or break them into small pieces.
3. Carry out the reaction of neutralization of hydrochloric acid solution with crystalline sodium bicarbonate. Pour small amounts of sodium bicarbonate into the retort. A rather crazy reaction will take place with the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide. After adding any fraction of sodium bicarbonate, wait for the reaction to complete and shake the solution slightly. When the reaction stops, stop adding the sodium bicarbonate powder. A solution of sodium chloride, that is, ordinary table salt, was formed in the retort.
Note!
Be careful when working with acid. Work with gloves and goggles. If acid comes into contact with the skin, wash the area with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. It neutralizes the action of the acid.
Useful advice
In order to obtain as much as possible a pure solution of sodium chloride, it is allowed to add small fractions of a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water. In this case, it is allowed to use indicators of the acid state of the medium to determine the moment of the maximum decrease in the concentration of hydrochloric acid. If you need to get crystalline sodium chloride, after the acid neutralization reaction, the resulting solution can be primitively evaporated.
Ammonium chloride is a colorless crystalline substance that is soluble in water and has little hygroscopicity. It is used in the pharmaceutical industry, in metallurgy, for the production of fertilizers. It can be obtained both in industrial and laboratory conditions.
You will need
- - measuring flask
- - test tube
- – reagents (HCl, NH?OH, (NH?)?SO?, NaCl)
Instruction
1. Industrial method for obtaining ammonium chloride: pass carbon monoxide (IV) through ammonia and sodium chloride. As a result of the reaction, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride are formed. The reaction takes place under normal conditions without the addition of catalysts. NH? +CO? +H?O+NaCl=NaHCO? +NH?Cl
2. In the laboratory, NH?Cl is allowed to be obtained by the action of ammonium hydroxide on a hydrochloric acid solution. Additional data are not required. Carrying out the reaction. According to the chemical equation, calculate how many initial substances you need to take. Pour the calculated amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the test tube, add the ammonium hydroxide solution. As a result of acid neutralization with hydroxide, a salt (ammonium chloride) and water are formed. NH? OH + HCl = NH? Cl + H? O
3. Another laboratory method of acquisition is the interaction of 2 salts. Carrying out the reaction. Calculate the number of substances that react. Measure the sodium chloride solution and add the ammonium sulfate solution. The reaction takes place in two stages. Ammonium sulfate reacts with sodium chloride. The sodium ion displaces the ammonium ion from its compound. At the intermediate stage, sodium sulfate is formed, which does not participate in the reaction in the future. At the 2nd stage, ammonia interacts with a solution of hydrochloric acid. The visual result of the reaction is the evolution of white smoke.(NH?)?SO? +NaCl=Na?SO? + 2HCl+ 2NH??HCl+NH? \u003d NH? Cl To purchase ammonium chloride in the laboratory, a special device is used in order to obtain the desired substance in solid form. Because as the temperature rises, ammonium chloride decomposes into ammonia and hydrogen chloride.
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Note!
Ammonia and its salts are irritating to mucous membranes (it has a strong smell). Therefore, when working with it, safety precautions must be observed: - do not inhale ammonia vapors; - keep test tubes with reagents from your face at a distance.
Melting point - 322° C, boiling point - 722° C.
Chemical formula: ZnCl 2
It is obtained by dissolving zinc or its oxide in hydrochloric acid, followed by evaporation of the solutions or by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine.
Depending on the physical and chemical properties, zinc chloride can be of the following grades: A and B (grade B is divided in turn into the first and second grades).
Zinc chloride technical (zinc chloride) is used:
- as a drying agent;
- in the fire business for fire protection (fire-resistant foam, impregnation of cardboard and fabrics);
- for antiseptic impregnation of wood, sleepers;
- in the production of fiber;
- in the chemical industry in the production of vanillin and zinc cyanide;
- in technological processes of production of dyes and dyeing of cotton;
- in the oil industry during oil refining;
- in metallurgy in the production of metals such as aluminum, in soldering processes, in the preparation of metal products for galvanizing and chrome plating;
- in galvanic batteries and for other purposes.
| Name of indicator | Norm for brand and variety | ||
| BUT | B | ||
| The first | Second | ||
| Appearance | White or slightly colored scales. | Colorless or light yellow solution. Slight haze is allowed. |
|
| Mass fraction of zinc chloride, %, not less than | 97,7 | 50 | 49 |
| Mass fraction of iron, %, no more | 0,1 | 0,005 | 0,01 |
| Mass fraction of sulfates (SO 4),%, no more | 0,05 | Must pass the test | 0,01 |
| Mass fraction of oxidizing agents | - | Must pass the test | - |
| Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), not less than | - | 2,9 | 2,9 |
| Mass fraction of residue insoluble in hydrochloric acid, %, max | 0,1 | 0,01 | 0,01 |
| Mass fraction of lead, %, no more | - | 0,002 | - |
| Mass fraction of copper, %, no more | - | 0,002 | - |
| Mass fraction of arsenic, %, no more | - | 0,001 | - |
| Mass fraction of ammonia, %, no more | - | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Safety requirements for zinc chloride (zinc chloride) GOST 7345-78:
| Degree of toxicity | brand A product: 2 brand B product:- |
| Main properties and types of danger | |
| Basic properties | White or slightly colored flakes or a colorless or light yellow solution in which slight turbidity is allowed. The solid product is hygroscopic. Corrosive when wet to most metals. Pollutes waterways. |
| Explosion and fire hazard | Not hot. |
| Human danger | Sharply irritates and burns the skin and mucous membranes. Harmful if inhaled (sore throat, dry cough, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, wheezing); skin contact (skin burn, ulceration); contact with eyes (cutting, blinding). Chemical burn, difficult to heal wounds. |
| Individual protection means | For chemical intelligence and work manager - PDU-3 (within 20 minutes). For emergency teams - an insulating protective suit KIKH-5 complete with an insulating gas mask IP-4M. In the absence of these samples - a protective combined-arms suit L-1 or L-2 complete with an industrial gas mask with cartridges B with an aerosol filter, M, BKF, V8. Industrial gas mask of small size PFM-1, gloves made of butyl rubber dispersion, special shoes for protection against oil and oil products. At low concentrations in the air (when the MPC is exceeded up to 100 times) - overalls, an autonomous protective individual kit with forced supply of purified air to the breathing zone with PZU, PZ-2 cartridges, a FORT-P filtering respirator, a Snezhok-KU universal respirator -M". Anti-dust respirator, goggles, aprons and gloves made of rubberized fabric. |
| Necessary actions in emergency situations | |
| General | Take the wagon to a safe place. Isolate the danger zone within a radius of at least 50 m. Adjust the indicated distance according to the results of chemical reconnaissance. Remove strangers. Enter the danger zone in protective equipment. Provide first aid to the injured. |
| In case of leakage, spill and placer | Report to CSEN. Do not touch spilled substance. Spillage should be protected with an earthen rampart, collected without the use of moisture in dry, corrosion-protected containers. Do not allow the substance to enter waterways, basements, sewers. |
| In case of fire | Does not burn. |
| Neutralization | Fill the placer with dry sand, collect in dry, corrosion-protected containers in compliance with safety precautions. Isolate the placer with sand, rinse with plenty of water. Treat the washed surfaces of the rolling stock with a weak alkaline solution (milk of lime, soda ash solution); plow the soil. |
| First aid measures | Call an ambulance. First aid providers must use personal respiratory and skin protection equipment. Fresh air, peace, warmth, clean clothes. At hit on integuments or mucous membranes it is necessary to wash out immediately these places a plentiful stream of water. If swallowed, induce vomiting, call a doctor. At a burn - an aseptic bandage. |
Packing, transportation and storage.
Zinc chloride technical grade A is packed in 25 kg plastic bags or in thin-walled carbon steel drums with a capacity of 100 dm³. Zinc chloride technical grade B is transported in specially dedicated steel railway tanks with bottom discharge, in steel barrels with a capacity of 100 or 200 dm³.
Zinc chloride is transported by railway, road and sea transport in covered compartments. By rail, zinc chloride is transported by carload. Transportation is carried out in sealed original packaging, in special containers. Zinc chloride in the form of a solution is transported in specially equipped tanks or in steel barrels and drums. When transporting zinc chloride, the packaging should be protected from damage and it should not be allowed to enter the external environment.
Zinc chloride must be stored in closed warehouses in sealed original packaging. During storage and use, increased safety measures should be taken, since zinc chloride belongs to the class of hazardous chemicals, spilling and spilling should be prevented.
Store zinc chloride separately from feed and food.
Guaranteed shelf life of zinc chloride grade A - 6 months, grade B - 2 months from the date of manufacture.
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound of two elements - chlorine and zinc - and is denoted by the formula ZnCl2. This substance is white crystals.
Zinc chloride is quite easily soluble in water - at room temperature, its solubility is 80%. Chloride melts at 322°C and boils at 722°C.
Zinc chloride is produced in two ways. The first option: zinc or its oxide is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, after which the solutions are evaporated from the resulting mixture. The second option: zinc (in liquid state) is heated in a stream of chlorine.
The hydrolysis of zinc chloride occurs at the cation and has the following formula: ZnCl2 + H2O = ZnOHCl + HCl. The medium of the resulting solution is acidic.
Industrial production of zinc chloride is available in two forms: solid and liquid. In solid form, the substance should have the appearance of white flakes, slight staining in any color is acceptable. As a solution, chloride should be colorless or have a slight yellowish tint. The solution may be slightly cloudy.
In solid form, chloride should not be less than 97.7%, in solution - 50%. Zinc chloride is non-flammable.
The substance is very dangerous for the environment and humans: it has a 2nd degree of toxicity. The substance, upon contact with the skin and mucous membranes of a person or animal, causes irritation, with prolonged contact with the skin, causes burns, corrodes tissues. The wounds formed in this way are very difficult to heal.
Danger is also the inhalation of the substance. In small doses, it causes irritation in the nasopharynx and throat, dry cough. When inhaling large amounts of chloride, shortness of breath and the so-called bubbling breath may occur.
When a substance enters the mucous membrane of the eye, the victim experiences a fairly intense cutting pain. If the eyes are not rinsed immediately, total or partial blindness may occur.
Due to the toxicity of zinc chloride, great care must be taken during its transportation and use. Crystalline zinc chloride is packed in bags or drums; the solution is transported in steel drums or special tanks.
Transportation of the substance is carried out both by rail and by road, and the substance is transported only in covered compartments and during the entire transportation the responsible person is obliged to monitor the integrity of the package.
When working with zinc chloride, workers are required to wear overalls, rubberized gloves, and respirators corresponding to the level of concentration of the substance in the air.
Under no circumstances should zinc chloride be allowed to enter waterways and sewage systems.
Zinc chloride is applied in many spheres of production. It is used to impregnate wooden parts for the purpose of disinfection (for example, wooden sleepers). This substance is involved in the manufacture of fiber, many dyes, many dental cements, cotton, zinc cyanide, aluminum and even vanillin. In addition, zinc chloride is used to clean metal surfaces before painting, soldering and chrome plating. This substance also plays a significant role in oil refining, analysis of coal samples and the manufacture of galvanic batteries.
Zinc chloride is also used for coloring chintz, obtaining viscose fibers, and as an electrolyte in galvanizing. It is possible to use the substance in medicine - as a drug that stops decay; in horticulture - as a microfertilizer.
In addition, zinc chloride, due to its brilliant ability to greedily absorb moisture from the air, is used as a desiccant. It is also indispensable in the fire business, as it is involved in the manufacture of fire-resistant foam and the impregnation of fabrics and cardboard.
