performance of the nerve cell. Mobility - inertia of the nervous system
There is another type of individuality. They are quite stable. It is practically impossible to change them, but it is also impossible not to pay attention to them, because their influence is felt in activity, in behavior, in relationships with others.
These features include features associated with individual manifestations of the basic properties of the nervous system. The constancy of individual behavior in certain situations is the first sign that it is based on the natural properties of the nervous system.
Among the natural individual typological properties, strength-weakness (that is, the degree of endurance, working capacity of the nervous system, its resistance to various kinds of interference) and mobility-inertia (that is, the speed of change and the speed of the processes of excitation and inhibition) are the most studied at present.
In the presence of a strong (or weak) nervous system, mobile (or inert), different psychological personality traits may arise in the course of development, under different conditions of life, upbringing, training. A strong nervous system is characterized by high performance. In other words, nerve cells can perceive and transmit nerve impulses for a long time without going into a state of inhibition, "without getting tired." A weak nervous system is characterized by low performance of nerve cells, they are depleted faster. These properties of the nervous system have corresponding manifestations in activity, behavior person.
A person with a weak nervous system is most often calm, quiet, cautious, obedient. He cannot participate in noisy, moving affairs for a long time, which is associated with his small reserve of strength, increased fatigue. Often prone to accuracy, characterized by increased impressionability. An unusual environment, the attention of strangers, mental pressure exerted on him - all this can become a person with a superstrong irritant. In such cases, he is lost, does not find the right words, does not answer questions, does not fulfill the simplest requests.
Due to their increased sensitivity, such people are particularly vulnerable, painfully react to criticism, discontent of others. Often such people lack self-confidence, they are characterized by a fear of failure and a fear of looking stupid, as a result of which it is much more difficult for them to move towards success.
A person with a strong nervous system is seen quite differently by others - most often peppy, self-confident, not experiencing stress in learning, striking with the ease with which he masters significant material. He is full of energy, tireless, constantly ready for activity. He is almost never tired, lethargic, relaxed. Getting involved in work, he almost does not experience difficulties; he does not care about additional loads, the transition to an unfamiliar new activity. A person with a strong nervous system is distinguished by greater efficiency in the use of time, the ability to perform more than others, thanks to its endurance, lack of stops and failures in work.
Another advantage of a strong nervous system is the ability to adequately respond to superstrong stimuli, even those of a frightening nature. In persons with a weak nervous system, the normal functioning of nerve cells under such conditions is disrupted, and, consequently, activity suffers.
Thus, the strength of the nervous system provides the emotional, psychological stability of a person to the effects of superstrong stimuli and thereby increases reliability in extreme situations. Usually, in a difficult environment, it is easier for people with a strong nervous system to maintain self-control, they are able to make the right decision in conditions of lack of time, not to get confused. In a number of professions, this is necessary to ensure trouble-free operation of the entire "man-machine" system.
There are not so many professions in which complex, life-threatening situations may arise (test pilots, astronauts, miners, air traffic controllers, sappers, surgeons, firefighters, rescuers), but the price of a mistake in them can often turn out to be too expensive.
As special studies of psychologists show, the correctness of the actions of a professional in an extreme situation depends not so much on length of service and work experience, but on the strength of the nervous system. Only persons with a strong nervous system in an unusual, difficult situation (accidents, explosions, fires, natural disasters (are able to assess the situation, maintain restraint, self-control, find the optimal solution to normalize the state of emergency. So, studying the activities of "strong" and "weak" operators of power systems in an emergency, psychologists discovered huge differences in their behavior. If the "strong" did not get lost and accepted everything necessary measures to prevent the spread of the accident, to eliminate its consequences, the "weak" behaved completely differently. They either left their workplace, or committed chaotic actions that in the future could only worsen the development of the situation, or completely lost the opportunity to perform any or action. In any case, their professional d The activity was destroyed. This was not connected either with the length of service, or with age, or with work experience.
Thus, when choosing a profession, the property of strength - the weakness of the nervous system - must be taken into account. "Weak" people are not recommended to choose professions in which emergency, extreme, life-threatening situations are really possible. Therefore, during professional consultation, restrictions may be introduced on the choice of a certain range of professions for people with a weak nervous system. However, a radical restructuring of plans for the future is not always required. The student himself can be recommended another specialty in the same profession, or, as professional consultants say, another job post.
In the profession of a doctor, people with a weak nervous system are contraindicated in such specializations as a resuscitator, surgeon. But they can be recommended specialties of a general practitioner, sanitary doctor, pharmacist, dentist. I must say that people with a weak nervous system also have certain advantages. cope with monotonous work better, more productively and at lower cost. They can be recommended work that requires high accuracy, thoroughness, strict adherence to a given algorithm (jeweler, cutter, dental technician, chip assembler, programmer). With high sensitivity of a weak nervous system, apparently, it is connected with the fact that many people with this type of nervous system are found in musical and artistic professions. This testifies to the advantages of the "weak" in mastering professions in which the main thing is relationships with other people, communication (that is, the type "man - man").
For many occupations, taking into account the properties of strength - weakness is extremely important. For some professions, the presence of a strong nervous system is a prerequisite for the formation of professional suitability; in this case, selection is necessary. For others, persons with a weak nervous system could be more suitable, it is they who can work here most efficiently and efficiently. natural features are necessary not for selection, but for finding the most suitable working post or developing an optimal individual style of activity that allows you to maximize the exploitation of natural data and compensate for shortcomings.
For example, observations of motor transport drivers have shown that the style of work of "strong" and "weak" differs significantly. Thus, the “weak” practically do not get into emergency situations due to the fact that they more carefully prepare the car for the flight, trying to predict any malfunction and breakdown, predicting the possibility of adverse situations on the way. They drive much more carefully. Psychologists, studying the drivers of passenger buses, discovered the following fact: in the group of drivers with a high level of safety violations (the presence of accidents), representatives of the weak type were completely absent. However, the total number of drivers with a weak type of the nervous system was small in the sample. Apparently, this difficult profession is more often chosen by people with a strong type; with higher performance and resistance to stressful situations.
High speed performance of different types of activity is provided by such a feature of the nervous system as mobility and lability (high pace, quick switching from one type of work to another, speed, good distribution of attention between different types of activity). Opposite qualities are possessed by people with inert nervous processes. They are characterized by slowness, slowness, thoroughness both in the performance of any activity, and in movements, speech, expression of feelings. They carefully consider any action, word, remark, slowly respond to requests, do not immediately understand the instructions. It is clear that it is much more difficult for them to do work that requires promptness, speed, frequent switching, and making responsible decisions in the face of time pressure. However, their individuality has a number of advantages. They work more thoughtfully, they are characterized by solidity, painstakingness, clear planning of actions, striving for order. At the same time, "mobile" have, along with positive features, a number of negative ones. They are characterized by haste, negligence, the desire to quickly move on to another type of work, without completing the matter, they delve less deeply into the essence of problems, often grasp only a superficial layer of knowledge.
All these features are not necessarily inherent in "mobile" and "inert", since training and education, self-regulation, self-discipline and self-correction of behavior and activity are of great importance.
Psychologists who have specially studied the features of performing different types of activities by "mobile" and "inert" have found that for the latter there is a certain limit in the possibilities of speedy performance of motor tasks. But after all, the circle of professions that impose strict requirements on speed characteristics is small. In the vast majority of professions, finding a suitable work post, choosing the most appropriate occupations, developing an individual style help both "mobile" and "inert" people successfully cope with various types of activities. For example, among turners there is such a division as a speed turner and a precision turner. The former prefers jobs that require very high speeds. Being "mobile", such workers love a high pace, quick transitions from one task to another. The "inert" ones, on the other hand, do not cope with the need to work at a high pace and choose tasks for themselves that must be carried out slowly, carefully, with high accuracy and good finish. They are much more comfortable, easier to work slowly and painstakingly. Experienced craftsmen, when distributing tasks to workers, take into account their individual characteristics, since this ultimately ensures high quality and efficiency of all activities.
The same applies to the development of an individual style of activity. This was very clearly manifested in the study of representatives of the weaving professions. Indeed, these professions require a very high pace, because the efficiency of labor depends on how long the machine works without stopping. Stops are most often caused by thread breakage and the need to change the shuttle.
The faster these operations are performed, the more efficient the work. It would seem that mobile weavers have an advantage here. Special observations of the work of both showed, however, that "inert" weavers also successfully cope with their duties and in terms of labor productivity, the quality of work is not inferior to "mobile", and sometimes even surpasses them. But the high efficiency of their work is ensured by its special organization, when most of the working time is devoted to preparatory, preventive operations that reduce the likelihood of a thread break. Knowing their individual characteristics, they do not allow the occurrence of extreme situations, since it is more difficult for them to cope with them.
The range of professions that require very high speeds of work (for example, a musician, a circus juggler) is quite narrow. In most professions, success can be achieved by people with different indicators of the speed of mental processes.
However, in order for the chosen job not to be a burden, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the nervous system. It is clear, for example, that the profession of a dispatcher or a salesman will be easier and faster to master by mobile people, since it requires constant switching. "Inert" is better to choose such professions that are performed according to rarely changing algorithms, do not require haste and decision-making under time pressure.
Another property of the nervous system is balance, which depends on the degree of compliance of the excitation force with the inhibition force, on their balance. Excessive excitability with weak inhibition processes is undesirable in those professions where nervous tension is often. quiet work. And, on the contrary, excessive slowness is bad where a fast pace, frequent changes, etc. are needed.
In children, the innate features of the structure and activity of the nervous system are already early manifested, which are such properties of nervous processes as excitation and inhibition, namely: their strength, mobility and balance. Temperament is based on these qualities. Russian psychologists believe that the characteristics of temperament cannot be considered divorced from the profession. Not every type of temperament is suitable for any job. V. Merlin argues that there are professions for which people with certain temperament qualities are not suitable.
The ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. The measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active one, and vice versa, the opposite of mobility is the inertness of nervous processes.
According to the teachings of IP Pavlov, the individual characteristics of behavior, the dynamics of the course of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of the two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition.
Three properties of excitation and inhibition processes were established:
1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
3) mobility (changeability) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to endure prolonged or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.
Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli, it gives an appropriate reaction.
An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates.
One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their occurrence and termination (when life conditions require it), the speed of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections, the development of and dynamic stereotype changes.
Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition formed the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.
Weak type. Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. Weak are the processes of inhibition and excitation. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.
Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance in the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.
Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid change of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nervous connections.
Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.
The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On this physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., in the process of life, these conditioned connections will form differently in different people: this will be the manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.
Features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to human behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the whole appearance of a person - determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.
Choleric- the personality is unbalanced, unrestrained, quick-tempered, even unbridled. Choleric temperament is characterized by great intensity and vivid expression of emotional experiences and the speed of their flow. The choleric is characterized by irascibility and quickness, which immediately follows violent outbursts of feelings. A choleric person is a hot, passionate person, characterized by a sharp change in feelings, which are always deep in him, capture him entirely. He deeply and strongly experiences both joys and sorrows, which finds its (sometimes violent) expression in his facial expressions and actions. With difficulty performs monotonous work, reactions are fast, strong. He gets down to business with ardor, but quickly cools down - a "disregard" mood appears.
In communication, impatient and harsh. Facial expressions and movements are energetic, the pace of work is fast. Often teenagers with such temperament disrupt lessons, get into fights, generally cause a lot of trouble to parents and teachers. These are fervent, fighting, active guys. They become ringleaders among their peers, involving them in various romantic ventures.
melancholic- unbalanced, deeply experiencing any event with a sluggish and weak external response. The reaction is slow. Features of the melancholic temperament are manifested externally: facial expressions and movements are slow, monotonous, restrained, poor, the voice is quiet, inexpressive.
Sensitive, vulnerable, afraid of difficulties, characterized by increased anxiety. Avoids unexpected situations. Prefers to perform actions that do not require mental stress.
The feelings and moods of the melancholic are monotonous and at the same time very stable.
Melancholic children cannot resist injustice, often fall under the influence of others, they are teased, offended. It is often difficult for these guys in a team. Melancholic teens are often timid and shy, and may burst into tears easily.
sanguine- the personality is balanced, his reactions differ in speed and moderate strength, however, he is distinguished by a relatively weak intensity of mental processes and a quick change of some mental processes by others. He quickly masters new professional knowledge, can work for a long time without getting tired, provided that the work is varied. The sanguine person is characterized by the ease and speed of the emergence of new emotional states, which, however, quickly replacing each other, do not leave a deep trace in his mind.
Usually a sanguine person is distinguished by rich facial expressions, his emotional experiences are accompanied by a variety of expressive movements. This is a cheerful person, characterized by great mobility. The speed of mental processes is associated with external mobility in a sanguine person: he is impressionable, quickly responds to external stimuli and is less focused and deepened in his personal experiences.
Sanguine easily copes with tasks that require quick wits, unless these tasks are particularly difficult and serious. He easily takes on different cases, but at the same time he easily forgets about them, becoming interested in new ones.
Phlegmatic
Outwardly, a person of a phlegmatic temperament is distinguished, first of all, by low mobility, his movements are very slow and even lethargic, not energetic, one cannot expect quick actions from him. Phlegmatic is also characterized by weak emotional excitability. His feelings and moods are distinguished by an even character and change slowly. This is a calm, measured person in his actions. He rarely comes out of an even, calm emotional state, he can rarely be seen very agitated, affective manifestations of personality are alien to him.
Facial expressions and gestures of the phlegmatic are monotonous, inexpressive, speech is slow, devoid of liveliness, not accompanied by expressive movements.
Scholars give different definitions to the terms "extrovert" and "introvert". For the classification of K. Leonhard, the priority was human attitude to information, to the reaction to the events of the external environment: extroverts are susceptible to such information, react to it; introverts, on the other hand, can ignore the external environment to a greater extent, focusing on their own inner world.
Due to differences in approach, K. Leonhard makes the main conclusion that introvert - personality is more strong-willed, strong, resistant to influence from outside.extroverts in this regard, they are less resistant - they easily influenced by others and, unlike introverts, they can change their internal attitudes depending on the external environment.
Circle of friends introverts rather narrow, they are prone to philosophizing, introspection. Some of them oppose themselves to the environment, and therefore do not follow the changing circumstances at all, lagging behind the pace of life. As a rule, introverts categorically do not tolerate interference in their lives, in their attitudes and in their inner world. Such individuals are used to following their principles and beliefs to the end. extroverts they adapt better to changing conditions, make acquaintances more easily and expand their social circle, are open to new things, including new information. They are ready to sacrifice their beliefs for the sake of a certain goal, easily yield to other people. Not prone to introspection, some extroverts can even be reproached for frivolity.
Mental self-regulation - this is control of one's psycho-emotional state, achieved by a person's influence on himself with the help of words, mental images, control of muscle tone and breathing.
Character- this is the framework of the personality, which includes only the most pronounced and closely interconnected personality traits that are clearly manifested in various types of activity. All character traits are personality traits, but not all personality traits are character traits. Character- an individual combination of the most stable, essential personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain respect: 1) to yourself(degree of exactingness, criticality, self-assessment); 2) to other people(individualism or collectivism, selfishness or altruism, cruelty or kindness, indifference or sensitivity, rudeness or politeness, deceit or truthfulness, etc.); 3) to assigned work(laziness or hard work, accuracy or carelessness, initiative or passivity, perseverance or impatience, responsibility or irresponsibility, organization, etc.); 4) are reflected in the character volitional qualities: willingness to overcome obstacles, mental and physical pain, the degree of perseverance, independence, determination, discipline. Character of a person is an alloy of innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired during life. Separate properties of character depend on each other, are connected with each other and form an integral organization, which is called character structure. There are two groups of traits in the character structure. Under character trait understand certain features of a person’s personality that systematically manifest themselves in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions under certain conditions. To first group include features that express the orientation of the individual (sustainable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relations to the surrounding reality and are individually peculiar ways of implementing these relations. To the second group include intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits.
Accentuation of character and personality- this is an excessive expression of individual character traits, this is an extreme version of the norm bordering on psychopathy.
Character accents: 1. Hyperthymic type. He is distinguished by an elevated mood, optimistic, extremely contactable, quickly switches from one thing to another. Does not complete the work begun, not disciplined, prone to immoral acts, optional, self-esteem is overestimated. Conflict, often acts as the initiator of conflicts. 2.Disty type - opposite to the hyperthymic type. He is distinguished by a pessimistic mood, non-contact, prefers loneliness, leads a secluded life, is prone to low self-esteem. Rarely comes into conflict with others. Highly appreciates friendship, justice. 3.Cycloid type . It is characterized by fairly frequent periodic mood swings. During the period of mood rise, the behavior is hyperthymic, and during the recession, it is distimic. Self-esteem is unstable. Conflict, especially during the period of raising the mood. In conflict, unpredictable. 4. excitable type . Differs in low contact in communication. Boring, gloomy, prone to rudeness and abuse. Unaccommodating in a team, domineering in a family. In an emotionally calm state, conscientious, accurate. In a state of emotional arousal, he is quick-tempered, has poor control over his behavior. Conflict, often acts as the initiator of conflicts, is active in the conflict. 5. stuck type . It is distinguished by moderate sociability, boring, prone to moralizing, often takes the position of a "parent". Strives for high performance in any business, makes high demands on himself, is sensitive to social justice. Touchy, vulnerable, suspicious, vengeful, jealous. Self-esteem is inadequate. Conflict, usually acts as the initiator of conflicts, is active in the conflict. 6. Pedantic type . Distinguished by conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness in business. In official relations - a bureaucrat, a formalist, easily concedes leadership to others. Rarely enters into conflicts. However, its formalism can provoke conflict situations. In conflict, he behaves passively. 7. Alarm type. Differs in low contact, self-doubt, minor mood. Self-esteem is low. At the same time, he is characterized by such features as friendliness, self-criticism, diligence. Rarely enters into conflicts, playing a passive role in them, the prevailing strategies of behavior in a conflict are withdrawal and concession. 8. Emotive type. Differs in the desire to communicate in a narrow circle. Establishes good contacts only with a small select circle of people. Overly sensitive. Tearful. At the same time, he is characterized by kindness, compassion, a heightened sense of duty, diligence. Rarely comes into conflict. In conflicts, he plays a passive role, is prone to concessions. 9. Demonstrative type. It is distinguished by the ease of establishing contacts, the desire for leadership, the thirst for power and glory. Prone to intrigue. Attractive, artistic. At the same time, people of this type are selfish, hypocritical, boastful. Conflict. active in conflict. 10. Exalted type ( from lat. exaltatio - enthusiastic, excited state, painful animation). Differs in high contact. Loquacious, loving. Attached and attentive to friends and relatives, subject to momentary moods. Sincerely experience other people's problems.
Mechanisms of development and formation of character
Character usually means the totality of some outstanding mental properties of an individual. This refers to those mental properties that are formed after the birth of a person. Temperament, for example, has physiological and genetic roots, therefore it does not apply to character, because it was formed in many respects even before birth. He, in turn, can either promote or hinder the development of certain character traits.
Character is formed in the process of personality development, its social relations.
Character traits are formed at three levels:
physiological - based on temperament,
social - under the influence of society
at the level of consciousness - self-formation of character.
The main condition for the development and formation of a person's character is, of course, the social environment. In simple words, all those people who surround a person in the process of growing up and not only. There is no need to talk about the clear boundaries of this process, because the character is "filled" with various features throughout life.
It should be noted that the formation of a person's character is characterized by a number of certain conditions and features at different age stages.
Periods of character formation
Although the character begins to form from the first months, nevertheless, a special Sensitive period of life is distinguished. This period falls approximately at the age of 2-3 to 9-10 years, when children communicate a lot and actively both with surrounding adults and with peers, they are readily accepted, imitating everyone and everything. During this period, they are open to almost any outside influence. Children readily accept any new experience, imitating everything and everything. Adults at this time still enjoy the boundless trust of the child, so they have the opportunity to influence him with a word, deed and action.
For the formation of the character of the child, the style of communication of the surrounding people is important:
Adults with adults
Adults with children
Children with children.
The style of communication of adults with each other in front of the child, the way of communication with him himself are very important for the formation of character.
The child both adopts the style of communication and tries to adapt to it, which in turn also affects the formation of character. It is generally accepted that the way the mother and father act in relation to the child, after many years, becomes the way he treats his children, when the child becomes an adult and acquires his own family. However, this is both true and not true. The child does not just adopt communication styles, he criticizes them in his own way. The older the child and the more developed his intellect and the more willingly he uses the possibilities of his mind, the more critical he is. That is why the core of character always includes a person's attitude to the truth. The inquisitiveness of the child's mind cannot but leave an imprint on the formation of his character.
Some of the first traits in a person's character are:
kindness-selfishness,
sociability, isolation,
Responsiveness is indifference.
Studies show that these character traits begin to form long before the beginning of the school period of life, even as early as infancy.
Later, other character traits are formed:
industriousness, laziness
Neatness, inaccuracy
Good faith-malice,
Responsibility, irresponsibility
Persistence is cowardice.
These qualities, however, also begin to form in preschool childhood. They are formed and fixed in games and available types of domestic work and other household activities.
Of great importance for the development of character traits is stimulation from adults. Both low demands and very high demands can adversely affect the formation of character.
In the preschool period, mainly those traits that constantly receive support are preserved and consolidated.
In the elementary grades of the school, character traits are formed that manifest themselves in relationships with people. This is facilitated by the expansion of the sphere of communication of the child with others due to the many new school friends, adult teachers. If what a child as a person has acquired at home receives support at school, then the corresponding character traits are fixed in him and most often remain throughout his entire life. If the newly gained experience of communicating with peers, teachers, other adults does not confirm as correct those characteristic forms of behavior that the child acquired at home, then a gradual breakdown of character begins, which is usually accompanied by pronounced internal and external conflicts. The resulting restructuring of character does not always lead to a positive result. Most often, there is a partial change in character traits and a compromise between what the child was taught at home and what the school requires of him.
At school, the child begins to live a full social life, to communicate with a large number of people, including little known to him. The responsibility of the child for the result of the activity increases. They start comparing him to other kids. Therefore, it is in elementary school that such an important character trait as self-attitude is formed. School success can build confidence in one's own intellectual usefulness. Failures can form a kind of "loser complex": the child stops trying, because he is still a "loser".
In adolescence, strong-willed character traits actively develop. In early youth, the basic moral, ideological foundations of the personality are finally formed, which most people carry through the rest of their lives. By the end of school, the character finally develops. Further, the character is formed and transformed throughout life, but not so much that it becomes unrecognizable. Now a person becomes the creator of his character as a result of self-education.
Types of wrong upbringing and character types with pathologies
The social environment is, of course, a very important condition for the formation of character. But equally important is education. The role of upbringing in the formation of character cannot be ruled out, since improper upbringing can cause certain pathologies in the character. Education can be classified as purposeful or spontaneous.
According to the goals of education can be divided into three types:
education for the educator
education for society
education for the student.
Parenting for the educator is aimed at developing traits that facilitate parenting, such as obedience.
The task of education for society is the formation of socially significant features (for example, law-abiding); education for the educated person sets the task of forming such character traits that are beneficial for the person himself, capable of harmonizing his existence.
Capabilities- individual psychological characteristics of a person, manifested in activity and are a condition for its success. From the level of development abilities the speed, ease and strength of the process of mastering knowledge, skills and abilities depend, but they themselves capabilities are not limited to knowledge, skills and abilities.
Abilities are called general a person, which in one way or another are manifested in all types of his activity. These are the ability to learn, the general mental abilities of a person, his ability to work. They are based on the general skills required in each field of activity, in particular, such as the ability to understand tasks, plan and organize their execution using the means available in human experience, reveal the connections of those things to which the activity relates, master new methods of work, overcome difficulties on the way to the goal.
Under special understand ability, which are clearly manifested in separate, special areas of activity (for example, stage, musical, sports, etc.).
The division of general and special abilities is conditional. Actually, we are talking about general and special aspects in human abilities that exist in interconnection. General abilities are manifested in special, that is, in abilities for some specific, specific activity. With the development of special abilities, their general aspects also develop.
giftedness- the presence in a person of favorable inclinations and abilities for any one or several types of activity. About giftedness a person can be judged by the nature of the development of abilities and the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities, by success and the level of achievements in professional work.
At the heart of any ability lies inclinations. The inclinations are understood as primary, natural (biological) features with which a person is born and which mature in the process of his development. These are mainly congenital anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the body, the motor apparatus, sensory organs, the neurodynamic properties of the brain, the features of the functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres, etc. It is the originality of individual characteristics that acts as natural inclinations. Inclinations do not contain abilities and do not guarantee their development. They may or may not turn into abilities, depending on the upbringing and activities of the person. In the absence of proper upbringing and activity, even great inclinations will not become abilities, and with appropriate upbringing and activity, even abilities of a sufficiently high level can develop from small inclinations.
BM Teplov points out some conditions for the formation of abilities. Abilities themselves cannot be innate. Only inclinations can be congenital. The makings of Teplov understood as some anatomical and physiological features. Inclinations underlie the development of abilities, and abilities are the result of development. If the ability itself is not innate, therefore, it is formed in postnatal ontogenesis (it is important to pay attention to the fact that Teplov separates the terms "innate" and "hereditary"; "innate" - manifested from the moment of birth and formed under the influence of both hereditary and and environmental factors, "hereditary" - formed under the influence of heredity factors and manifested both immediately after birth and at any other time in a person's life). Abilities are formed in activity. Teplov writes that "... the ability cannot arise outside the corresponding specific objective activity" . Thus, ability refers to that which arises in the activity corresponding to it. It also affects the success of this activity. Ability begins to exist only together with activity. It cannot appear before the implementation of the activities corresponding to it has begun. Moreover, abilities are not only manifested in activities. They are created in it.
In psychology, there are three concepts of ability:
A) the theory of heredity of abilities,
B) the theory of acquired abilities,
C) acquired and natural in abilities.
1. The theory of heredity of abilities dates back to Plato, who argued that abilities are of biological origin, i.e. their manifestation depends entirely on who was the parent of the child, on what traits are inherited. Training and education can only change the speed of their appearance, but they will always manifest themselves in one way or another. www.pclever.ru
The approach to the hereditary nature of abilities is reflected in views that link a person's abilities with the size of his brain. But these studies have not been confirmed.
2. The theory of acquired abilities connects abilities exclusively with the environment and upbringing. Back in the 18th century K.A. Helvetius said that with the help of special education, genius can be formed. Supporters of this direction refer to cases when children from the most backward and primitive tribes, having received appropriate training, did not differ in any way from educated Europeans.
Cases are also cited as examples when, for some reason, a child is deprived of the opportunity to communicate with adults and peers. As a result, a person in the full sense of the word does not come out of him.
The American scientist W. Ashby argues that abilities and even genius are determined by acquired properties, and in particular by what pre-program and program of intellectual activity were formed in a person in childhood and in later life, spontaneously and consciously in the learning process. For one, the program allows you to solve creative problems, while for the other, only reproductive ones. W. Ashby considers working capacity to be the second factor of abilities.
However, this conception has also met with objections. Life observations and special studies show that the natural prerequisites for abilities cannot be denied. In a number of professions, they are of particular importance.
3. Acquired and natural in abilities. This concept, which combines the above theories, is confirmed by practice and special studies.
Researchers divide abilities into natural and acquired. The division is very conditional. Heredity is included, of course, as one of the conditions in the development of man, but his abilities are not a direct function of his heredity. First of all, the hereditary and acquired in the specific characteristics of the personality form an inseparable unity; already because of this, it is impossible to attribute any specific mental properties of a person to the expense of heredity alone.
Feel - this is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as the internal states of the body, arising from their direct impact on the senses.
Types and classification of sensations. According to the five sense organs known to the ancient Greeks, the following types of sensations are distinguished: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile (tactile). In addition, there are intermediate sensations between tactile and auditory - vibration. There are also complex sensations, consisting of several independent analytical systems: for example, touch is tactile and muscular-articular sensations; skin sensations include tactile, temperature and pain. There are organic sensations (hunger, thirst, nausea, etc.), static sensations, sensations of balance, reflecting the position of the body in space.
There are various bases for classifying sensations.
The oldest classification of sensations includes five points (according to the number of sense organs):
- smell,
- taste,
- touch,
- vision
- hearing.
B.G. Ananiev singled out eleven types of sensations.
The English physiologist C. Sherrington proposed a systematic classification of sensations. At the first level, sensations are divided into three main types:
- interoceptive,
- proprioceptive
- exteroceptive.
Interoceptive combine signals that reach us from the internal environment of the body. Proprioceptive transmit information about the position in space of the body in general and the musculoskeletal system in particular. Exteroceptive provide signals from the outside world.
Interoceptive sensations
They signal the state of the internal processes of the body. They arise due to receptors located:
- on the walls of the stomach, intestines, heart, blood vessels and other organs,
- inside the muscles and other organs.
As it turned out, this is the most ancient and most elementary group of sensations. Receptors that receive information about the state of internal organs are called internal receptors. Interoceptive sensations are among the least conscious and most diffuse forms of sensation. They, characteristically, always retain their closeness to emotional states in consciousness.
Also interoceptive sensations are often called organic.
proprioceptive sensations
They transmit signals about the position of the body in space, thus forming the afferent basis of human movements, playing a decisive role in their regulation. Proprioceptive sensations include:
- a sense of balance (static sensation),
- motor (kinesthetic) sensation.
Proprioceptive sensitivity receptors are found in muscles and joints (tendons, ligaments). These receptors are called Paccini bodies.
The role of proprioceptors is well studied in physiology and psychophysiology. Their role as the afferent basis of movements in animals and humans was studied in detail in the works of A.A. Orbeli, P.K. Anokhin, N.A. Bernstein.
Peripheral balance receptors are located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.
Exteroceptive sensations
They bring information from the outside world to the consciousness of a person. Exteroceptive sensations are divided into:
- contact (taste and touch),
- distant (hearing, sight and smell).
The sense of smell, according to many authors, occupies an intermediate position between contact and distant sensations. Formally, olfactory sensations occur at a distance from the object, but the smell itself is a kind of object (we can say that this is a cloud of gas). And then it turns out that the nose is in direct contact with this object. You can also notice that the object itself has already ceased to exist, but the smell from it remains (for example, a tree burned down, but the smoke from it remained). The sense of smell also plays a huge role in the perception of the quality of the food being eaten.
Intermodal Feelings
There are sensations that cannot be associated with any particular modality. Such sensations are called intermodal. These include vibrational sensitivity, in which tactile-motor and auditory sensations are integrated. L.E. Komendantov believes that tactile-vibrational sensitivity is one of the forms of sound perception. Tactile perception of sound vibration is understood as diffuse sound sensitivity. Vibrational sensitivity plays a huge role in the life of the deaf and deaf-blind-mute. The deaf-blind, due to the high development of vibration sensitivity, learned about the approach of a truck and other modes of transport at a great distance.
The strength of nervous processes is an indicator of the performance of nerve cells and the nervous system as a whole. A strong nervous system can withstand a load greater in magnitude and duration than a weak one. The technique is based on determining the dynamics of the maximum rate of hand movement. The experiment is carried out sequentially, first with the right and then with the left hand. The resulting variants of the dynamics of the maximum rate can be conditionally divided into five types:
- convex type: the pace increases to the maximum in the first 10-15 seconds of work; subsequently, by 25-30 seconds, it may decrease below the initial level (ie, observed in the first 5 seconds of operation). This type of curve indicates that the subject has a strong nervous system;
- smooth type: the maximum rate is kept approximately at the same level during the entire time of work. This type of curve characterizes the subject's nervous system as a nervous system of medium strength;
- descending type: the maximum pace decreases already from the second
5-second segment and remains at a reduced level for the entire
work. This type of curve indicates the weakness of the subject's nervous system;
- intermediate type: the pace of work slows down after the first 10-15 seconds. This type is regarded as intermediate between medium and weak nervous system strength - medium-weak nervous system;
- concave type: the initial decrease in the maximum rate is followed by a short-term increase in the rate to the initial level. Due to the ability for short-term mobilization, such subjects also belong to the group of persons with a medium-weak nervous system.
Strength of the nervous system- SNS<0 – сильная, СНС<2 – средняя, СНС>2 - weak.
Mobility of the nervous system- the maximum rate in all time intervals is more than 35 - mobile type; 25-35 - medium type; less than 25 - inert type.
Workability- the maximum number of points in the first square indicates a high workability and starting mobilization; an increase in the pace in the last squares indicates a good volitional (finishing) effort of the subject.
Psychomotor performance– sum of points for 50 sec. More than 300 is high, 200-300 is medium, less than 200 is low.
Analyze the results and write down in your notebook conclusions about the typological properties of the subject's nervous system.
Work 4. Study of chronotypes and biorhythms of human performance.
Regular, periodically recurring changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes and phenomena are observed at all levels of the organization of living matter - from intracellular processes to population ones, they are called biological rhythms (biorhythms). They are based on changes in metabolic processes under the influence of external and internal cyclic factors: geophysical environmental factors (change of day and night, changes in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, electric and magnetic fields, cosmic radiation intensity, seasonal and solar-lunar influences) and neurohumoral, proceeding in a certain, hereditarily fixed pace and rhythm.
Human chronotype – stable individual temporal periodization of the psychophysiological state of a person, in particular, working capacity. It has been shown that most people have two peaks of working capacity during the day: from 8 to 12 o'clock in the afternoon and from 17 to 19 o'clock. A person is most passive from 2 to 5 o'clock and from 13 to 15 o'clock. But, along with this, there are people who are most efficient in the evening (“owls”), and people who are efficient early in the morning (“larks”), people with an unexpressed periodization of activity - “pigeons”.
It is believed that every person from the day of birth lives according to his own biorhythms (biological clock), which with strict periodicity affect the friendly state, the manifestation of intellectual abilities, emotionality, etc. Many scientists distinguish biorhythms with a period length of 23.69 days (physical cycle), 28.43 days (emotional cycle) and 33.16 days (intellectual cycle), which allow predicting the state of health and the dynamics of human performance with sufficient accuracy.
According to the theory of biorhythms on days corresponding to the positive phase physical biorhythm, a person experiences an increase in working capacity, feels a surge of strength and vigor, and shows resistance to negative influences. Any activity associated with the expenditure of physical strength is implemented successfully. In the negative phase, the body's endurance decreases, fatigue sets in during volumetric or high-speed physical work, and coordination of movements is disturbed.
Intelligent biorhythm characterizes the mental abilities of a person (creativity, ingenuity, memory, logic), as it is determined by the activity of the brain. The positive phase characterizes an increased ability to assimilate information, analyze and activate creative thinking. In the negative phase, there is a decline in creative forces.
Emotional biorhythm characterizes the content and quality of emotions and feelings of a person (mood, stress, intuition, energy mobilization) In the positive phase, a good mood, cheerfulness, “muscle joy” are noted with great physical exertion with an increase in the ability to show volitional qualities to achieve the goal. In the negative phase, negative emotions are manifested - bad mood, pessimism, apathy, anger, fear, irritability, panic, emotional and mental breakdowns are not uncommon.
Carefully read the chronotype questionnaire, select the answer, determine the number of points.
Questionnaire:
1. Do you find it difficult to get up early in the morning:
3. You recently woke up. Which breakfast do you prefer:
4. Recall your recent conflicts. When they usually occur:
5. What makes it easier for you to give up:
6. Do you find it easy to change your eating habits:
7. Important things await you in the morning. How much earlier than usual do you go to bed:
8. How accurate is your internal clock? Note the time, and when you think a minute has passed, look at the clock again:
Make a conclusion about your inherent chronotype of performance.
Under the power of nervous processes, I.P. Pavlov understood the working capacity of nerve cells, their ability to endure strong stress without falling into a state of inhibition (limiting inhibition). The strength of nervous processes depends on the stock of reactive, or functional, substance in the nerve cells. Depending on the strength of the nervous processes, the nervous system can be strong or weak. A strong nervous system is characterized by a great strength of nervous processes - excitation and inhibition; the latter is due to the large stock of reactive substance in the nerve cells.
A weak nervous system is associated with a small supply of reactive substance in nerve cells; it is characterized by weakness of the main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition. A strong nervous system is able to endure great tension, but a weak one cannot endure such tension.
The strength of the nervous system is a property of the nervous system, reflecting the limit of the efficiency of the cells of the cerebral cortex, i.e. their ability to withstand, without going into a braking state, either a very strong or long-acting (although not strong) impact.
The strength of nervous processes is characterized by the working capacity, endurance of the nervous system and means its ability to endure prolonged or short-term, but very strong excitation or inhibition. Weakness of nervous processes - the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation or inhibition. Under their action, nerve cells quite quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. However, a weak nervous system is highly sensitive.
For temperament, the strength of mental processes is indicative. At the same time, not only their absolute strength at one moment or another is essential, but also how much it remains constant, i.e. degree of dynamic stableaboutsti.
With significant stability, the strength of reactions in each individual case depends on the changing conditions in which a person finds himself and is adequate to them: a stronger external irritation causes a stronger reaction, a weaker irritation causes a weaker reaction. In individuals with greater instability, on the contrary, a strong irritation can - depending on the very volatile state of the personality - cause either a very strong or a very weak reaction; in the same way, the slightest irritation can sometimes cause a very strong reaction; a very significant event, fraught with the most serious consequences, can leave a person indifferent, and in another case, an insignificant occasion will give a violent outbreak: the reaction in this sense is not at all adequate to the stimulus.
Among the questions of the physiology of human higher nervous activity, the doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity is of particular importance. This is due to the fact that it is the typological features of the nervous system of children and adolescents and their higher nervous activity that are the physiological basis on which the formation of the child's temperament then takes place.
The type of higher nervous activity is based on the individual characteristics of the course of two main processes in the central nervous system: excitation and inhibition. According to the views of I.P. Pavlov, the creator of the doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity, the leading, or main, are three properties of nervous processes:
1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
2) the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition,
3) the mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
The strength of nervous processes is related to the level of performance of nerve cells. Weak nervous processes are characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand strong or prolonged loads, therefore, these cells have a low level of performance. Strong nervous processes are associated, respectively, with a high level of performance of nerve cells.
The balance of nervous processes is determined by their ratio. Perhaps the predominance of one of the nervous processes (for example, excitation over inhibition) or their balance.
The mobility of nervous processes is characterized by the rate of occurrence of excitatory and inhibitory processes and the ability of nerve cells to move from a state of excitation to an inhibitory state or vice versa. Consequently, nervous processes may be highly mobile or inert.
Different people are characterized by different ratios of all these properties, which ultimately determine the type of their nervous system and higher nervous activity. The main properties of the nervous system are determined both by heredity and the conditions for the development and upbringing of a given individual.
The combination of these parameters of central excitation and inhibition forms the following four types of higher nervous activity.
The sanguine type is characterized by sufficient strength and mobility of the excitatory and inhibitory processes (strong, balanced, mobile).
The phlegmatic type is distinguished by the sufficient strength of both nervous processes with relatively low rates of their mobility, lability (strong, balanced, inert).
The choleric type is characterized by a high strength of the excitatory process with a clear predominance of it over the inhibitory and increased mobility, lability of the main nervous processes (strong, unbalanced, unrestrained).
The melancholic type is characterized by a clear predominance of the inhibitory process over the excitatory one and their low mobility (weak, unbalanced, inert).
It must be borne in mind that the types of higher nervous activity noted above are extreme classical types, which in their pure form either do not occur at all or are extremely rare.
Significant differences in the typology of man (unlike even higher animals) are due to the presence of a second signal system in him, his mental creative activity. I. P. Pavlov drew attention to this circumstance, who proposed to distinguish two types in relation to a person: artistic and mental. The artistic type is characterized by figurative thinking; cognitive processes and creative activity are mainly focused on vivid artistic images; in the general behavior of a person, stimuli of the first signaling system predominate, causing their vivid images in the brain. On the contrary, in the thinking type, the processes of cognition, thinking mainly operate with abstract concepts, the signals of signals - the stimuli of the second signal system - become determining in individual behavior. Naturally, these are two extreme values in the typology of man; Usually, in the individual typology of a person, one can only speak of a predisposition, a greater or lesser severity of one of the noted types of higher nervous activity.
