CRS in chemistry. Organic Chemistry: Guidelines for the implementation of the CPC
Methodological instructions are intended for students specializing in the field of: food technology based on raw materials of plant origin; environmental protection. The method of organization of independent work of students is stated. A list of the theoretical material of the course of organic chemistry and the basic concepts necessary for the successful assimilation of the program are presented. Theoretical questions on each topic of the course are proposed, during which students will receive practical skills in solving problems. Methodical instructions are built taking into account the strengthening of the role of independent work of students.
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These guidelines are compiled in accordance with the Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation GOSVPO program of organic chemistry for technological specialties. State educational institution Guidelines are intended for students of higher professional education specializing in the field of: East Siberian State Technological Technology of Food Products Based on Raw Materials of Plant Origin; (GOU VPO ESSTU) environmental protection. The method of organization of independent work of students is stated. A list of the theoretical material of the course of organic chemistry and the basic concepts necessary for the successful assimilation of the program are presented. Theoretical questions on each topic of the course are proposed, during which students will receive practical skills in solving problems. Methodological instructions are built taking into account the strengthening of the role of Methodological instructions for the implementation of the independent work of students by independent work. in organic chemistry for students of specialties: 260100 - food technology. 260201 - technology of storage and processing of grain 260202 - technology of bread, pasta and confectionery 280201 - environmental protection and rational use of natural resources. 80202 - environmental protection engineering. Compiled by: Zolotareva A.M. Ulan-Ude, 2006 2 4 Independent work of students………………….…………..….17 CONTENTS 4.1 Types of control………………………………………………… ..……..17 4.2 Organization of control………………………………...…………….18 5 Examples and tasks of seminars……….….….………… …18 Preface……………………………………………..………………..…....3 5.1 Alkanes…………………………………… ……….……...……………..18 1 Subject learning chains……………………………....………........3 5.2 Alkenes . Alkadienes…………………………..…….……….……….19 2 Contents of discipline sections………………….……………......4 5.3 Alkynes………………………………………………………………..20 2.1 Introduction……………...……………………………… ………….……..4 5.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons………………………………………20 2.2 Theoretical principles and general issues of organic chemistry..4 5.5 Halogen derivatives…………………… .…………………………...21 2.3 Classes of organic compounds……………………………………...4 5.6 Heterocycles………………………………… ………………………….22 2.3.1 Hydrocarbons……………………………………………..………….4 5.7 Alcohols and phenols……………… …………………………………….22 2.3.2 Derivatives of hydrocarbons……………………………………..5 5.8 Aldehydes and ketones…………………… ……………………………24 2.3.3 Oxygen-containing organic compounds……………….6 5.9 Carboxylic acids…………………………………………………... 24 2.3.4 Nitrogen-containing organic compounds……………………. .7 5.10 Nitrogen-containing substances. Amines………………….……………..25 2.3.5 Heterocyclic compounds…………………………………..7 5.11 Hydroxy acids…………………………… …………………………………26 2.4 Compounds with mixed functional groups…….…7 5.12 Amino acids………………………………………………………….26 2.5 Bioorganic compounds…………………………….…………..8 5.13 Proteins……………………………………………….……………….. ..27 3 Labs……………………………………..…………..9 5.14 Carbohydrates…………………………………………….…. ……………….27 3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry……………………..……………...9 6 Recommended reading…………………….……………… …….28 3.2 Methods for the isolation, purification and separation of organic 6.1 Additional literature……………………………….……..…..28 compounds…………………………………… …………………………10 3.3 Determination of the main physical properties of organic compounds……………………..……………………………………..10 3.4 General ideas about elemental analysis of chemicals……………………………………………..………………...10 3.5 Hydrocarbons…………………………………………. …..……………11 3.6 Halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons…………………………………..11 3.7 Oxycompounds…………………………………………...... .…………11 3.8 Oxo compounds…………… …………………………..……………12 3.9 Carboxylic acids……………………………………………………..12 3.10 Nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Nitro compounds, amines……………………………………………………………….………....12 3.11 Heterocycles…………………………………… ……………………………..13 3.12 Compounds with mixed functional groups…...…..13 3.13 Carbohydrates………………………………………….……… ..…………13 3.14 Lipids………………………………………………………………..14 3.15 Protein substances……………………………… ……………..……….14 3.16 Synthesis of organic compounds…………………….…………….15 3.17 Identification of an unknown organic compound…..…....16 3 predict reactivity organic molecules from the standpoint of modern electronic concepts; identify and analyze organic compounds using chemical, physico-chemical and physical methods Organic chemistry studies hydrocarbon compounds, their research; derivatives with other elements and the laws to which they are subject to set the task of research; transformation of these substances. The special position of organic chemistry is to choose the research method. due to the fact that it is based on inorganic chemistry and is closely related to biology. These guidelines are compiled in accordance with the presented course of organic chemistry is one of the modern level of development of organic chemistry. Particular attention is paid to the most important disciplines of the natural science block. In connection with the general given to general patterns, the most important organic tendency of the natural sciences is to approach compounds. Those organic “molecular level” are considered in detail in the course, compounds that represent an integral part of objects or increased requirements are presented to the course of organic chemistry, since the foundation of this “molecular products of the future specialty of students. level" is created by organic chemistry. For the successful study of the course of organic chemistry is necessary In the course of organic chemistry for students according to the independent work of students. In preparation for laboratory and specialties, much attention is paid to the consideration of chemistry in practical exercises, the student must first of all study organic substances from modern positions. program theoretical material: to work out lecture notes with the objective of the organic chemistry course is to form the use of recommended literature, pass theoretical students the correct ideas about the world around them, about the meaning of colloquiums, and do homework tests. and the role of organic substances in various industries. In order to organize independent work of students in Organic chemistry is the basic discipline, which in this methodological instruction, the relevant sections are carried out, determines the formation of a highly qualified specialist. programs. In preparation for the defense of laboratory work and delivery, the Study of the discipline gives the scientific and practical orientation of the theoretical colloquium, students must respond to the general theoretical preparation of students. Therefore, in the field of chemistry, the control questions proposed for the laboratory workshop for an engineer in this area must: each topic. know: theoretical foundations of organic chemistry, building 1 SUBJECT OBJECTIVES OF LEARNING organic substances, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, distribution in nature and application; The main goal of the course is to form students' scientific main directions for the development of a theoretical and practical worldview on natural phenomena and the world around them, an understanding of organic chemistry, the mechanisms of chemical processes, the principles of the mechanism and purposefulness of chemical, biological and organic synthesis planning; technological processes occurring in the objects of the future, their methods of isolation, purification and identification of organic professional activities and their impact on the environment. connections; Organic chemistry is the basis of knowledge to have experience: biological sciences. Mastering it will allow studying such disciplines in planning and staging a chemical experiment as biological chemistry, microbiology, physical and colloidal processing of the results obtained; chemistry, food technology, food chemistry, etc. be able to: Specialists in the field of food technology and in their activities will deal with organic compounds, 4 since many objects of future work are food products. Brief information about the development of theoretical concepts in are organic substances. organic chemistry. The theory of organic chemical structure Therefore, knowledge of the basic laws, properties of compounds. Methodological foundations of the theory of chemical structure and organic compounds, the nature of chemical bonds of atoms, their main provisions of the theory of A.M. Butlerov, as part of the objective molecules and reaction mechanisms are the basic prerequisites for the truth of the laws of dialectics. The current state and significance of the theory of understanding the physicochemical, biological, technological chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov. Types of chemical bonds. processes occurring during processing, storage of raw materials and chemical, spatial, electronic structure of organic food, as well as their qualitative composition and biological compounds. Stereochemical representations of van't Hoff and Le Bel. values. This necessary knowledge for students is realized over the concept of quantum mechanical representation of the nature of the covalent deep study of individual topics that are reflected in the variant connection (method of molecular orbitals - MO). The electronic structure of the part in the form of the section "Bioorganic compounds". simple and multiple bonds: σ- and π-bonds. The nature of the carbon-carbon bond. The phenomenon of hybridization of orbitals sp3 sp2 sp-hybridization. Characteristics of a covalent bond: length, energy, 2 CONTENTS OF SECTIONS OF THE DISCIPLINE orientation in space (valence angles), polarity, simple 2.1 INTRODUCTION and multiple bonds. Donor-acceptor (coordinating, semipolar) bond. Hydrogen bond. The subject of organic chemistry and its features. Place Reactions of organic compounds. The concept of the mechanisms of organic chemistry among other general scientific fundamental reactions. Bond breaking is homologous and heterolytic. Science reactions. The most important stages in the development of organic chemistry and its role in the free-radical (radical mechanism) ionic knowledge of the laws and categories of the dialectical development of nature and (electrophilic and nucleophilic) or ionic mechanism. Conditions for the formation of scientific knowledge in students on the world around them, the course of the reaction. Initiators, catalysts, inhibitors. Types of phenomena and processes encountered in their future professional reactions. Substitution reactions (S), additions A), eliminations (E), activities. The value of organic chemistry in the national economy, in molecular rearrangement (isomerization). the food industry. Problems of ecology, protection Reactivity of organic compounds and their environment. The problem of maintaining the purity of the lake. Baikal and its structure. The mutual influence of atoms in a molecule is the defining basis of the pool. The main raw materials for obtaining organic reactivity of a substance (VV Markovnikov). Factors, compounds. Oil, its processing. Stone, brown coals, which determine the reactivity of organic compounds. usage. Gases and their applications. Gasification of Buryatia. Inductive (induction -J) and mesoric (conjugation effect -M). Mineral deposits in Buryatia, their use. Steric (spatial) effect. acidity and basicity. Analysis and research methods of organic compounds. Classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. The concept of methods of isolation, purification and identification of organic The main classes of organic compounds. The phenomenon of homology and substances. Qualitative elemental analysis. Quantitative analysis and homological series. The law of transition of quantitative changes into the establishment of empirical formulas. Significance and use of physical and qualitative. functional groups. The phenomenon of isomerism. Types of chemical research methods in establishing the structure of isomerism: structural, spatial. Rotational (rotational) organic compounds (UV, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy and denamic (tautomerism) isomerism. The law of unity and struggle, etc.). opposites. Nomenclature of organic compounds. The concept of the equivalence of carbon atoms. The concept of radicals 2.2 THEORETICAL PROVISIONS AND GENERAL QUESTIONS (alkyls) and their names. Trivial, rational and systematic ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC nomenclature. 5 2.3 CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Alkynes (unsaturated, acetylenic hydrocarbons) 2.3.1 HYDROCARBONS Homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism. The structure of alkenes: chemical, spatial, electronic. Reactivity Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons). homologous series. alkynes. Addition reactions of hydrogen, halgens, hydrogen halides, General formula of the homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism. water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, hydrocyanic acids. Mechanism The structure of alkanes: chemical, spatial, electronic. electrophilic and nucleophilic addition reactions. Reaction The concept of conformation. Reactivity of alkanes. substitution. Acetylides. Basic methods of obtaining. Syntheses on Characterization of carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen bonds. acetylene base. Substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulfoxidation, Cyclic hydrocarbons Alicycles. Structure (chemical, oxidation. Chain mechanism of a radical reaction. Spatial, electronic reactions) and stability of cycles. Theory of dehydrogenation and cracking. Flow conditions and reaction products. Bayer stress. Modern interpretation of cycle stability. The most important sources and synthetic methods for obtaining alkanes and Arena (aromatic hydrocarbons). Signs of aromaticity application. Alkanes as motor fuel and raw materials in organic (aromatic character). The structure of benzene. Kekule formula and synthesis. Okian number. modern electronic representation of the structure of benzene. Alkenes (unsaturated, ethylene hydrocarbons). Aromatic sextet. Hückel's rule. homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism. The structure of alkenes, benzene and its homologues, isomers. Reactivity and spatial, electronic. Reactivity of alkenes. structure. Substitution and addition reactions. Mechanism Addition reactions, mechanism of electrophilic addition of electrophilic substitution of hydrogens of the benzene ring. Rules for hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, water. Substitution rule and electronic interpretation. Mutual influence of atoms in Markovnikov and electronic interpretation. The mechanism of the radical molecule. Induction and mesor effects. Matched and attachment (peroxide effect), qualitative response to mismatched orientation from an electronic point of view. double bond, oxidation of alkenes. Alkene polymerization and nucleophilic substitution, reaction mechanism from the point of view of mutual copolymerization, polymerization mechanism. The most important sources and influences of atoms in a molecule. Addition reactions. The main synthetic methods of obtaining: dehydrogenation, dehydration sources and methods of obtaining. Synthesis based on benzene. alcohols, dehydrohalogenation of halogen derivatives. Application. The concept of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Alkadienes. Types of diene hydrocarbons. Structure. Condensed and non-condensed systems. The concept of the Conjugate system. Electronic interpretation of the nature of conjugation. carcinogens and dyes. The concept of non-benzenoid Reaction mechanism of electrophilic and radical addition. aromatic systems. Cyclopentadienyl anion. Ferrocene. quality response. Main sources, methods of obtaining and Cation of tropilium. Azulene. the use of butadiene -1,3 according to the reaction of Lebedev S.V. rubbers and synthetic rubbers. Genetic link between hydrocarbons. Mutual transitions of hydrocarbons from one class to another. 2.3.2 HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES Halogen derivatives. Classification by hydrocarbon radical and halogens. Mono-, polyhalogen derivatives. Structure, mutual influence of atoms in a molecule from an electronic point of view. quality reactions. Nucleophilic substitution reactions and their mechanisms, SN1; SN2. 6 The most important reactions of obtaining from hydrocarbons (see ketone reactions. Properties of oxo compounds. Reactions of nucleophilic halogenation of the corresponding hydrocarbons). addition of hydrogen, alcohols, hydrocyanic acid, bisulfite Halogen derivatives of saturated, unsaturated, aromatic sodium. Ammonia, Grignard reagent. Reactions with hydrazine, series. Chloroform. Freons. Chlorine vinyl. Chlorprene. hydroxylamine. Aldol-crotonic condensation. Ester Tetrafluoroethylene. Chlorobenzene. condensation. Cannizzaro reaction. Condensation with phenols, anilines, benzoin condensation. Reaction of Perkin, Claisen. Heterocycles. Classification. Aromatic five-, six-membered Oxidation reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Differences of oxo compounds heterocycles. Structure. Electronic interpretation of the aromatic fatty series from aromatic aldehydes and ketones. character of heterocycles. Hückel's rule. Reactions and mechanism Basic methods for obtaining oxo compounds Oxidation, substitution. Reactivity and orientation. Sources by dihydrogenation of alcohols, pyrolysis of salts of carboxylic acids, obtaining five-, six-membered heterocycles. Application. Furan, hydrolysis of dihalogen derivatives, oxosynthesis of alkenes, synthesis from pyrrole, thiophene, furfural, indole. Pyridine. Vitamin RR. Alkaloids. alkynes (Kucherov reaction). Obtaining aromatic aldehydes and Quinoline. Pyrimidine. ketones according to the reaction of Friedel-Crafts and Guttermann-Koch. Vitamin B, nucleic acids. Structure and biological role. Limit aldehydes and ketones. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 2.3.3 OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC acetone. Reactions of compaction, condensation. Getting carbohydrates. COMPOUNDS Dialegides, diketones, diacetyl. And a role in food. Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. Acrolein. Acetone. Hydroxy compounds (alcohols, phenols). Classification by Methyl Vinyl Ketone. Aromatic oxo compounds. Benzaldehyde, hydrocarbon radical and atomicity. homologous series. acetophenone. Vanillin. Isomerism. Nomenclature. The structure of alcohols, phenols. Mutual carboxylic acids. Classification. homologous series. influence of atoms in a molecule from an electronic point of view. The role of isomerism. Nomenclature. Acyls. Chemical, spatial, hydrogen bonds in OH - groups. Chemical properties. Reactions electronic structure of the carboxyl group. Mutual influence of substitution atoms "OH" and "H" in the hydroxy group. Reactions with alkali metals, in a molecule - the mutual influence of two functional groups in phosphorus halides, halogenated acids, carboxyl reagent. properties of carboxylic acids. Grignard acid character, formation of ethers and esters. Reaction mechanism of the carboxyl group. Influence of the hydrogen bond. Etherification reactions, reversible nature of the reaction. Metabolic processes of carboxylic acids: the formation of salts, esters, anhydrides, lipids. Alcohol oxidation. halides. Interaction with amines and the reaction mechanism The main sources and methods for obtaining alcohols and phenols: from amidation and the reverse nature of the reaction, metabolic processes in halogen derivatives, hydration of alkenes, reduction of protein molecules. Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon radical of oxo compounds using the Grignard reagent. acids: halogenation of the α-position, oxidation to the α- and β-positions Monohydric alcohols. Methyl, ethyl, propyl alcohol. carboxylic acids, β-oxidation in biological systems. Basic allyl alcohol. benzyl alcohol. polyhydric alcohols. Glycols, sources of production and methods of synthesis: hydrocarbon oxidation, glycerols. Xylitol, sorbitol. oxosynthesis, hydrolysis of nitriles, trisubstituted phenols, naphthols. One-, diatomic phenols. Ethers. halogen derivatives, esters, according to the Grignard reaction. Structure. Isomerism. Properties. Food antioxidants. monobasic acids. Formic, acetic, butyric acids. Thymol. Palmitic, stearic acids. Unsaturated acids: acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, sorbic, oleic, oxo compounds (aldehydes and ketones). homologous series. linoleic, linoleic. aromatic acids. Benzoic acid. Isomerism. Nomenclature. Chemical, spatial, electronic Cinnamic acid. Acids are food preservatives. the structure of the oxo group, its polarity and the difference between the aldehyde group and 7 dibasic acids. limiting, unsaturated, aromatic Dyes. Structure and color. Indicators. Acid dyes. Isomerism, nomenclature. Properties. Features of trifinylmethane, alizarin, anthocyanidin series. dibasic acids. Reactions of formation of cyclic anhydrides, Dyes in the food industry. decarboxylation. Syntheses with malon ether. Oxalic, malonic, adipic acids and their role in the synthesis 2.3.5 HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS of vitamins and substitutes. Maleic and fumaric acids. Their use to stabilize fats, oils, milk powder. Phthalic Definition. Classification. Nomenclature. acids. Derivatives of acids. Salt. surfactant. Soap. Esters and their five-membered heterocyclic compounds. Structure and mutual use as an essence in the food industry. transformations of furan, thiophene, pyrrole. Sources for getting them. Acid anhydrides, acid halides, acylating agents. Aromatic character. Electrophilic substitution in furan, thiophene, pyrrole: halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, nitration. hydrogenation and oxidation. Furfural, features of chemical behavior. The concept of chlorophyll and hemin. Indole. Heteroauxin. Tryptophan. 2.3.4 NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The concept of five-membered heterocyclic compounds with several heteroatoms. Pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole. Nitro compounds. Classification. Isomerism. Nomenclature. Six-membered heterocyclic compounds. Pyridine. Structure. The structure of the nitro group. Semipolar connection. Tautomerism. Physical Basicity. Preparation of pyridine compounds. physical properties. properties. Reactions of nitro compounds: recovery according to Zinin, General characteristics of pyridine. Nucleophilic reactions and reduction in various media, interaction with dilute electrophilic substitution. Recovery. alkali, reactions with nitrous acid, condensation with aldehydes. Nicotinic acid, vitamin PP. The concept of alkaloids; Konin, Basic methods for obtaining alkanes by nitration by the reaction of nicotine, anabazine. Konovalov, aromatic hydrocarbons and their mechanisms. The concept of six-membered heterocycles with two nitrogen atoms. Nitromethane, nitroethane. Nitrobenzene. Nitronaphthalenes. Pyrimidine, pyrimidine bases. Purine. Purine bases. Amines. Classification. Isomerism. Nomenclature. Structure The concept of nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. amino groups. Basic character of fatty amines and anilines. Properties of amines and anilines. Reactions: formation of salts, alkylations, 2.4 COMPOUNDS WITH MIXED FUNCTIONAL acylations. Interactions of amines and anilines with nitrous acid GROUPS. Reactions of the benzene nucleus in anilines. The main methods of obtaining: the reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, halogen acids. Structure. Features of halogen acids. Mono-, by alkylation of ammonia (Hoffmann reaction), from amides. Monoamines. di-, trichloroacetic acids. Methylamine. Ethylamine. Diamines. Hexamethyldiamine. anilines. Hydroxy acids. Classification by functional groups and by Diazo-, azo compounds. Aromatic diazo compounds. Structure. the structure of the hydrocarbon radical. Structural isomerism, Isomerism. Diazotization reaction and its mechanism. Properties. Reactions with nomenclature. Structure. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule. nitrogen release: action of water, alcohol (deamination), Properties: acid, alcohol. Features of α-, β-, γ-, σ-hydroxy acids. replacement of the diazo group by halogens, a nitral group (the reaction of the main sources of fermentation of carbohydrates and synthetic Sandmeyer). Formation of organometallic compounds (reaction methods. Optical isomerism of hydroxy acids (Biot, L. Pasteur). Optical Nesmeyanova). Reactions without nitrogen evolution: salt reduction activity of organic compounds (Vant Hoff, Le Bel). diazonium, azo coupling reaction. Nitrogen dyes. asymmetric carbon atom. chiral molecules. Optical antipodes of hydroxy acids, racemic mixture. specific rotation. 8 Lactic, malic acid, their role in the production of products (glucosidic) hydroxyl. α-, β - anomers. Furious. Pyranose nutrition. Hydroxy acids with several asymmetric ring atoms. Cyclic structures of Colley, Tollens, Heurs. carbon. Ephidrine, tartaric, citric acids, their use in Evidence of the oxide ring. Conformational forms of the food industry. Hydroxybenzoic acids and others. Methods of monosaccharides (rotational isomerism). separating the racemic mixture. Monosaccharides. properties of monosaccharides. Monoz reactions due to oxoacids (aldo-, ketoacids). Classification. Structure. oxo groups: reduction to polyhydric alcohols; oxidation Properties of aldoacids and ketoacids. Mutual influence with silver or copper hydroxide, Fehling liquid; functional groups in the molecule. Tautomerism, keto-enol. interaction with strong acid, phenylhydrazine, acetoacetic ester, ketone and acid cleavage, role in hydroxylamine. Reactions to the presence of hydroxyl groups: metabolic processes. alkylation, acylation. Fermentation of hexoses. epimerization. Amino acids. Classification. Isomerism: structural, Dehydration with cyclization of pentoses. spatial - optical. Nomenclature. Structure, properties. Obtaining monoses: hydrolysis of di-, polysaccharides, aldol Amphoteric nature of amino acids. Formation of complexes with condensation. Interconversion of monosaccharides: oxynitrile with metals. Reactions due to the presence of a carboxyl group: synthesis (chain extension), Ruff decomposition (chain shortening). formation of salts, esters, amides, decarboxylation. Hexoses: glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose. Pentoses: ribose, Reactions to amino groups: formation of salts, acylation, arabinose, xylose. alkylation, the action of nitrous acid. Polypeptides. Disaccharides. Restoring (reducing) and Specific reactions. The ratio of amino acids to heat. non-reducing (non-reducing) disaccharides. Structure. The main sources of obtaining methods of synthesis: hydrolysis of proteins, Tautomerism of reducing disaccharides. properties of disaccharides. microbiological synthesis, amination of halogen acids, obtaining Reactions of hydrolysis of disaccharides, for the presence of polyatomicity in the molecule. from oxynitriles, unsaturated acids, nitro acids, condensation Reactions of reducing disaccharides: oxidation by aldehyde hydroxide with malonic acid and ammonia (VM Rodionov). The role of silver or copper, Fehling's liquid, the addition of hydrocyanic amino acids in the life of living and plant organisms. acids. Biozones: lactose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, trehalose. high molecular weight compounds. The concept of polymers. Polysaccharides. The structure of high molecular weight sugars. Classification. Substances (monomers) from which polymers are obtained. Homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides. Starch, glycogen. Structure The structure of monomers and polymers. Reactions for obtaining (α-, β-anomeric glucose). Amylose, amylopectin. (α-1,4 - and 1,6 - macromolecular compounds. Polymerization and polycondensation. glycosidic bonds). Iodine reaction to starch. Application. Copolymerization. vinyl polymers. Polyethylene, polypropylene, Fiber (cellulose). Structure (β-anomeric glucose). Properties. polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene (fluoroplast), Acylation reactions, nitration. The use of fiber and its rubbers, polyacrylic polymers. polycondensation polymers. derivatives. Polyesters, polyamides. Lavsan. Polypiptides. Capron, nylon, The concept of pectin, gums, mucus. phenolic resins. Lipids. Determination of lipids. Classification. Distribution 2. 5 BIO-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS of lipids in nature. simple lipids. Fats. Waxes. Glycerides. The structure of fats. Carboxylic acids that are part of fats. Carbohydrates (hydroxyoxo compounds, hydroxyaldehydes, oxyketones). higher carboxylic acids. Limit and unsaturated acids. distribution in nature. Classification. Monosaccharides. Structure. Isomerism of glycerides: structural, geometric, optical. Aldoses, ketoses. Tetroses, pentoses, hexoses. Isomerism. Optical properties of fats. Reaction of glycerides: hydrolysis, transesterification, stereoisomers. Antipodes. E. Fisher's projection form. alcoholism, acidolysis, hydrogenation, polymerization, oxidation. Tautomerism monos. Cyclo-oxotautomeric forms. Semi-acetal 9 The concept of alkyl lipids. The concept of plasmalogens. Diol The purpose of the proposed course is to expand and deepen lipids. knowledge of students in the field of carbohydrate chemistry. As part of the Wax course. Definition. Properties. Application. attention is focused on the fundamental questions of the structure of complex lipids. Phospholipids and their role in the living organism. carbohydrate molecules, considered the synthetic problems of this main group of phospholipids. Glycerophospholipids. Main areas. The objective of the course is to describe the current state of research into structural components. Phosphatic acids, lecithin, polysaccharide regions. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol are covered in detail in the special course. varieties of dietary fiber, including pectins, their sphingolipids. Phosphorus-containing sphingolipids. classification, structures and properties. Because pectin Glycosphingolipids. are considered as a means of preventing severe poisoning. Analysis of lipids. Acid and iodine numbers. Saponification number. metals, this special course presents the mechanism of using chromatography. complexation. Processing of fats and oils. Margarine. Salomas. Soap. surfactant. anionic substances. SMS. protein substances. The role of proteins in nature. Protein function in 3 LABORATORIES in humans and animals. Proteins are macromolecular compounds, biopolymers. Amino acids as structural elements In laboratory classes, the student acquires the skills of a protein biopolymer. The main amino acids included in the experimental work. When performing laboratory work on proteins. Replaceable and irreplaceable amino acids. The importance of peptides in a student should keep a working laboratory journal that studies protein chemistry. peptide bond. Synthesis of peptides. The methods are designed to record all observations of the course of the experiment, protection of end groups for targeted synthesis of peptides. calculations and results. Making entries in the journal, the classification of proteins follows. Simple (proteins) and complex (proteins) clearly state the essence of the experiment. proteins. Physico-chemical properties of proteins. amphoteric character. Qualitative reactions - color reactions. Protein hydrolysis. Precipitation Schematic of how proteins work (salting out, denaturation). The history of the development of the question of the structure of proteins. The role of scientists in Work No. ... the study of the structure and properties of proteins: A.Ya. Danilevsky, A.D. The name of the synthesis (theme) of Zelinsky, V.S. Sadikova, D.L. Talmed, N. Hofmeister, E. Fischer and Substances and reagents necessary for the experiment, etc. The current state of the structure of the protein molecule. Primary, Specify reaction conditions secondary structure. Spatial organization Reaction equations for a macromolecular polypeptide chain. The main types of non-valence Observations of bonds in a protein chain. Conformations α-helix (L. Pauling). Conclusion Tertiary, Quaternary structure of proteins. The work was credited _________ Globular and fibrillar proteins. Their differences. Insulin (Sanger). Collagen, keratin. Fibroin. Gelatin. Casein. 3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Lactoglobulin. Hemoglobin. Myoglobin. Essential oils. bicyclic terpenes. Biterpenes. Carotenoids. Vitamin A. The purpose of the lesson: 1. To work out the basic provisions, techniques and take to After completing the basic course of organic chemistry, students should be aware of the rules for safe work in the laboratory. the author's course "Polysaccharides of food raw materials" is offered. 10 2. Create an idea of the content, directions and tasks 3. List the types of distillation of organic compounds and organic chemistry. determine their differences. 3. Familiarize yourself with dishes, equipment, devices for 4. Chromatography and its types. carrying out chemical reactions. 5. Give examples of the use of these methods of isolation and Initial level of knowledge: purification of organic compounds in various industries 1. Quantum - mechanical ideas about the structure of atoms and industry. molecules; 2. Theory of molecular orbitals; Laboratory work: 3. Theory of hybridization; 1. Crystallization. 4. Butlerov's theory of chemical structure. 2. Sublimation. Questions to prepare for the lesson: 3. Extraction. 1. The role of organic chemistry in the synthesis of professional 4. Distillation. education 5. Chromatography. 2. Main tasks of organic chemistry. 2.1. Analysis and determination of the structure of organic compounds. 2.2. Synthesis and evaluation of the reactivity of organic compounds 3. 3 DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 3. Methods for the study of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 3.1 Chemical 3.2 Physical The purpose of the lesson: 3.3 Physical and chemical 1. Familiarization with the methods for determining the basic physical Laboratory work: characteristics of organic substances: melting points, boiling points, 1. Chemical glassware and materials. display 2. Identification of organic compounds by physical constants; 3. 2 METHODS OF ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC 3. Establishment of the degree of purity of organic substances. COMPOUNDS Initial level of knowledge: 1. Basic physical constants of organic substances. The purpose of the work: Questions for preparing for the lesson: 1. Familiarization with the main methods of isolation, purification and 1. Physical constants of solid, liquid and gaseous separation of organic compounds from a mixture. organic compounds. Initial level of knowledge: 2. Define the method of crystallization. The main methods of purification and isolation of organic 3. What is the sublimation of organic substances. connections. 4. Distillation of organic compounds and its types. Questions to prepare for the lesson: 5. Justification of the choice of the method of purification of organic substances. 1. Theoretical foundations of the methods of isolation, purification and separation 6. Give examples of the use of these methods in various mixtures of substances. industries. 2. Define the process of filtration, sublimation, distillation, Laboratory work: crystallization, chromatography. 1. Determination of the melting point 2. Determination of the boiling point.
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Organic Chemistry CPC Control Schedule
for Vsemester 3 course 2009-2010 academic year| month | September | October | November | December |
| weeks |
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I | ||||
| Control work "Aliphatic hydrocarbons" 13.10 14 40 -16 00 | ||||
| III | Checking notes, interview on the topic of self-study "Main sources of hydrocarbons" 16.10 14 40 | Control work "Carbonyl compounds" 20.11 14 40 -16 00 | 15.12 14 40 -16 00 |
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| Control work "Halogen and nitrogen derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons" 30.10 14 40 -16 00 | Checking individual homework and report on l / r 25.12 14 40 -16 00 |
Control schedule for CRS 3 courses, specialty "Chemistry"
in organic chemistry and fundamentals of supramolecular chemistry
VI semester 2008-2009 academic year
| month a week | February | March | April | May |
| I | Test "Carboxylic acids" 03/06/09 14 40 | Checking individual tasks on the topic "Benzene derivatives" 08.05.09 14 40 |
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| II | Individual tasks "Monosaccharides" 13.03.09 14 40 | Checking abstracts and solving individual tasks on the topic "Terpenes" 10.04.09 14 40 | ||
| III | ||||
| IV | Computer tests on the topic "Carbohydrates" 27.03.09 14 40 |
Types of independent work of students
- Preparation for laboratory work
- Preparation for tests
- Drawing up summaries of topics submitted for independent study
- Completion of term papers
- Solving individual homework assignments
Self-study topics
Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their processing
Questions to study
- Natural and associated petroleum gases.
- Oil and products of its processing: physical properties and composition of oil, primary oil refining, cracking of oil products.
- Processing of coal, distillation of coal tar.
Thiols, thioethers
Questions to study
- General characteristics (definition, functional groups)
- Isomerism, nomenclature
- How to get
- Chemical properties
- Application
Terpenes
Questions to study
- Distribution in nature
- Classification
- Monocyclic terpenes: nomenclature, properties, methods of preparation, individual representatives
- Bicyclic terpenes: nomenclature, properties, methods of preparation, individual representatives.
Non-benzenoid aromatic systems
Questions to study
1. Main representatives (ferrocene, azulene, etc.)
2. Structural features
3. The most important reactions
Report form - interview
Silicone compounds
Questions to study
1. Classification
2. Application
Report form - abstract, seminar
Rudny Industrial Institute
Department of Applied Ecology and Chemistry
Guidelines for the SRS
in the discipline "Chemistry"
for students of specialty 050709 "Metallurgy"
Rudny 2007
LBC 20.1
Reviewer: Kulikova G.G., head of the department of PE&C, PhD
The guidelines for the SIW in the discipline "Chemistry" contain general guidelines, guidelines for performing SIW assignments, a list of questions and tasks for each session in SIW, and recommended literature.
Guidelines are intended for students for students of the specialty 050709 "Metallurgy"
List of lit. 7 titles
for intrauniversity use
© Rudny Industrial Institute 2007
CONTENT
Introduction…………….……………………………………………………………………4
1 Subject and tasks of chemistry. Basic concepts and laws………..……………….5
1.1 CPC 1.2 Classes of inorganic compounds….…………………………………5
1.2 CDS 3.4 Basic laws of chemistry………………………………………………….5
1.3 CPC 5 Law of equivalents …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 The structure of the atom……………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 CPC 6 Models of the structure of the atom…………………………………………………….6
2.2 CPC 7.8 Quantum-mechanical understanding of the structure of the atom…………..6
2.3 CPC 9 Redox properties of atoms……………………7
2.4 CPC 10 Half reaction method……………………………………………………...7
3 Chemical bond and intermolecular interactions………………..……...7
3.1 CPC 11 Types of chemical bonding ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.2 CPC 12 Covalent bond………………………………………………………..8
3.3 CPC 13 Molecular Orbital Method……..………………………………...8
3.4 CPC 14 Intermolecular interactions……………………………………...9
3.5 CPC 15 Complex compounds……………………………………….….....9
3.6 CDS 16 Preparing for the colloquium………………………………………………...9
4 Chemical thermodynamics. ……………………………………………..….... ten
4.1 CPC 17 Thermochemistry. Hess' law……………………………………………..10
4.2 CPC 18 Determination of the heat of hydration of anhydrous copper (II) sulfate ... 11
4.3 CPC 19.20 Thermodynamic laws……………………………………..…11
4.4 SRS 21 Conditions for spontaneous processes……………….. 11
5 Chemical kinetics……………………………………………………………..…12
5.1 CPC 22 The rate of chemical reactions………………………………………..12
5.2 CPC23 Solving problems on the topic “Speed of chemical reactions”……………12
5.3 CDS 24 Chemical equilibrium…………………………………………………..12
5.4 CPC 25.26 Equilibria in heterogeneous systems…………………………………13
6 Solutions and dispersed systems……..……………………………………………………13
6.1 CPC 27.28 Preparation of solutions of a given concentration……………....13
6.2 CPC 29.30 Dispersed systems………………………………………………..13
6.3 CPC 31 Electrolyte solutions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.4.СРС 32.33 Hydrolysis of salts……………………………………………………...14
6.5 CDS 34.35 Testing on topics 4-6………………………………………...15
7 Electrochemistry……………………………………………………………………...17
7.1 CPC 36.37 Galvanic cells………………………………………….17
7.2 CPC 38.39 Corrosion of metals……………………………………………………....17
7.3 CPC 40.41 Electrolysis …………………………………………………………...18
7.4 CPC 42.43 Chemical power sources…………………………………………..18
8 Organic compounds ……………………………………….……………....18
8.1 SRS 44 Theory of the structure of organic compounds by A.M. Butlerov………....18
8.2 CPC 45 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds…………..………….19
9 Variants of tasks for home control work ..………………………… ..20
References………………………………………………………………………21
Introduction
To master the material in the discipline under study, it is necessary to study the material of the textbook thoroughly, paying special attention to the conclusions. If you are having difficulty absorbing the material, do not doubt your abilities and try to understand and understand the conclusions, and then return to the main text. For all questions, you can get advice from the teacher during practical classes and SRSP.
All the studied material can be divided into the following modules: basic concepts and laws of chemistry, atomic structure and chemical bonding, patterns of chemical reactions, electrochemistry, special sections of chemistry. The study of each module ends with the compilation and submission of a glossary, which must be worked on during the entire time of studying the module. The deadline for submitting the glossary is no later than the final lesson for the module being studied. The correctness of the assignments and the elaboration of topics is checked in the classroom or SIWT with scoring. The highest score is given only in case of high-quality and complete completion of the task. If assignments are not submitted on time, a correction factor of 0.8 is introduced. When working with text, there is no need to copy the text from the textbook, it is necessary to write down only the main points that will help when answering questions orally or when working in small groups. It is necessary to learn how to correctly formulate and express their judgments on the issues under study. After working out the theoretical material, it is necessary to solve problems, thereby reinforcing theoretical knowledge with practical skills. The student's independent work also includes preparation for a laboratory lesson. To do this, it is necessary to study the theoretical issues on the proposed literature and laboratory workshop, to understand the purpose and objectives of each experiment, and also to draw up a written plan for the experiments and equations that characterize each chemical process.
During the semester, two milestone controls will be held in the form of a colloquium and testing. Colloquium - an oral interview of the teacher with each student on topics 1-4, the test includes 30 questions on topics 5-7. If less than 50% of the questions are answered correctly in testing, the points are not counted, and a second chance is given to pass the midterm control.
Tasks for one of the modules can be replaced by solving problems on the topic proposed by the teacher. To do this, it is necessary to warn the teacher at the beginning of the study of the topic and receive a specific task.
When preparing for the SIWT, it is necessary to solve problems according to your own version. The option for solving problems is indicated by the teacher conducting classes on SIWT.
1 Subject and tasks of chemistry. Basic concepts and laws
1.1 CPC 1.2 Classes of inorganic compounds
Purpose: Repeat the classification of inorganic compounds and the properties of acids, bases, oxides and salts.
Keywords: oxide, base, acids, salts, amphoteric oxides, amphoteric hydroxides, reactions: substitution, exchange, decomposition, exchange, neutralization.
Questions and tasks
1. Classification of chemicals.
2. Oxides, classification, properties.
3. Acids, classification, properties.
4. Grounds, classification, properties.
5. Salts, classification, properties.
Recommendations: Work through the textbook material, draw up reaction equations that confirm the chemical properties of inorganic substances, do written assignments for Chapter II, prepare for laboratory work: draw up a plan for conducting experiments, write down equations.
Literature - p.29-37, - p.29-34, 242-245.
1.2 CDS 3.4 Basic laws of chemistry
Purpose: To repeat, deepen and comprehend the ideas about the basic laws of chemistry and learn how to solve problems using the laws of chemistry.
Key words: atom, molecule, mole, molecular weight, molar mass, molar volume, Avogadro's number.
Questions and tasks
1. The law of conservation of mass of matter.
2. The law of the constancy of the composition of matter.
3. Law of multiple ratios.
1.3 CPC 5 Law of equivalents
Purpose: To learn how to find the molar masses of equivalents of complex substances according to the formula and the equation of reactions, to solve problems on the law of equivalents.
Key words: equivalent, molar mass of equivalents, law of equivalents.
Questions and tasks
1. Calculation of equivalents and molar masses of equivalents of oxides, hydroxides, salts.
2. Law of equivalents.
3. Solving problems according to the option, chapter I.
Literature - p. 18-27, - p.14-16, - p.7-8
2 The structure of the atom
2.1 CPC 6 Models of the structure of the atom
Purpose: To get acquainted with the development of ideas about the structure of the atom. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each model.
Key words: electron, radioactivity, line spectra, alpha particles, quantum.
Questions and tasks
1. Discoveries proving the complexity of the structure of the atom.
2. Model of the structure of the atom according to Thompson.
3. Rutherford's experiments and Rutherford's model of the structure of the atom.
4. Bohr's postulates and Bohr's structure of the atom.
Literature - from 37-45, - from 17-20.
2.2 CPC 7.8 Quantum-mechanical understanding of the structure of the atom
Purpose: To study the principles of filling atomic orbitals. Learn how to make electronic formulas of multi-electron atoms, make graphic formulas of valence electrons and determine the valencies of elements.
Keywords: atomic orbital, wave function, wave-particle duality, principal quantum number, orbital quantum number, magnetic quantum number, spin quantum number, atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity energy.
Questions and tasks
1. Modern model of the structure of the atom.
2. Quantum numbers, their characteristics.
3. Pauli's principle, Gund's rule, Klechkovsky's rules.
4. Electronic formulas for elements of small and large periods.
5. Determining the valency of elements belonging to different types of families.
6. Modern formulation of DIMendeleev's periodic law.
7. Properties of atoms, their change in periods and groups.
Literature - p.45-72, - p.20-34, - p.40-51.
2.3 CPC 9 Redox properties of atoms
Purpose: By the structure of the atom, learn to determine the characteristic oxidation states and the change in redox properties depending on the degree of oxidation.
Key words: oxidation state, redox reaction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, oxidation process, reduction process, redox duality, electron balance method.
Questions and tasks
1. The degree of oxidation, the change in the properties of elements depending on the degree of oxidation.
2. Redox reactions, oxidation and reduction processes.
3. Method of electronic balance.
4. Prepare for laboratory work.
Literature - pp. 80-85, 259-267, - pp. 251-258.
2.4 CPC 10 Half reaction method
Purpose: To learn how to complete the equations of chemical reactions and equalize them using the half-reaction method.
Questions and tasks
1. Method of half-reactions.
2. Equalize the reactions by the method of half-reactions according to the variant, chapter YIII.
Literature - p.264-266, - p. 167-170
3 Chemical bonding and intermolecular interactions
3.1 CPC 11 Types of chemical bond
Purpose: To study the main types of intramolecular chemical bonds and their characteristics.
Key words: Covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond, bond length, bond energy.
Questions and tasks
1. The concept of a chemical bond.
2. Characteristics of the chemical bond.
3. Distinctive features of each type of communication.
Recommendations: Work through the textbook material, draw up a summary using key words, determine the type of chemical bonds in the following molecules: crystalline sulfur, table salt, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, acetic acid, metallic iron, water, hydrogen.
3.2 CPC 12 Covalent bond
Purpose: To study the methods of formation and properties of a covalent bond.
Key words: valence bond method, valence, bond energy, bond length, directionality, saturation, donor, acceptor, covalent bond.
Questions and tasks
1. How is a covalent bond formed in the method of valence bonds? Give examples.
2. Consider the properties of a covalent bond using the example of water molecules, carbon dioxide and ammonium ions.
3. Determine the type of hybridization in the molecules of methane, boron chloride, ammonia.
Literature - p. 100-105, 117-141, - p.38-56.
3.3 CPC 13 Molecular orbital method
Purpose: To analyze bond formation in binary molecules using the molecular orbital method as LCAO.
Keywords: molecular orbital, bonding MOs, loosening MOs, paramagnetic properties, diamagnetic properties,
Questions and tasks
1. MO method as a linear combination of AO.
2. Disassemble the formation of particles O 2, O 2 -, N 2 according to MMO as LCAO.
Literature: - p.105-113, - p. 57-65.
3.4 CPC 14 Intermolecular interactions
Purpose: To study the types of interaction between polar and non-polar molecules.
Key words: polar molecule, non-polar molecule, interactions: inductive, orientational, dispersion, hydrogen bond.
Questions and tasks
1. Hydrogen bond.
2. Van der Waals forces - forces of intermolecular interaction.
Literature: - p.151-158, - p.65-71.
3.5 CPC 15 Complex compounds
Purpose: To study and comprehend the main provisions of Werner's theory, to prepare for laboratory work on the topic.
Questions and tasks
1. Structure of complex compounds.
2. Nomenclature of complex compounds.
3. Properties of complex compounds.
4. Draw up a plan for conducting experiments, write the equations of the reactions being carried out.
Literature: - p.354-376, - p.71-81.
3.6 CDS 16 Preparing for the colloquium
Purpose: Testing knowledge on the material of topics 1-4.
Questions and tasks:
1. The law of conservation of mass of matter. Fundamentals of atomic and molecular science. The law of the constancy of the composition of matter. Law of multiple ratios.
2. Equivalent. The law of equivalents. Determination of equivalents of oxides, bases, acids and salts. Calculation of equivalents in exchange reactions.
3. Moth. Avogadro's law. Molar volume of gas.
4. Modern model of the structure of the atom.
5. Quantum numbers and their characteristics.
6. Principles and rules for filling atomic orbitals (Pauli principle, Gund's rule, Klechkovsky's rules)
7. Electronic formulas for elements of small and large periods. Determining the valency of elements belonging to different types of families.
8. Modern formulation of DIMendeleev's periodic law. The structure of the periodic table.
9. Properties of atoms (atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity energy), their change in periods and groups.
10. Oxidative and reducing properties of atoms. The degree of oxidation. Determination of the degree of oxidation by the formula of the substance.
11. The most important oxidizing and reducing agents. Change in redox ability depending on the degree of oxidation of the element.
12. Compilation of redox reactions and their equalization by the method of electronic balance.
13. Classification of redox reactions.
14. The method of half-reactions in the preparation of redox reactions occurring in aqueous solutions.
15. Covalent bond. Exchange and donor-acceptor mechanisms of formation of σ- and π-bonds. Properties of a covalent bond: saturation, polarizability, directivity. Hybridization, its types: sp-, sp 2 -, sp 3.
16. Ionic bond and its properties.
17. Metal connection. Zone theory of metals.
18. Hydrogen bond.
19. Intermolecular interaction and its types.
20. Complex compounds, structure, nature of bond, instability constant.
Recommendations: work through the material from the textbook and lectures, know the basic definitions and concepts, be able to apply theoretical knowledge in practice: draw up electronic and graphical formulas of elements, determine valences and oxidation states, write down formulas of compounds, make redox reactions and equalize them using the electronic balance method and half-reactions, know the structure of complex compounds, write down the dissociation equations of the instability constant of a complex compound.
Literature: - p.18-155, 354-376, - p.10-81.
4 Chemical thermodynamics
4.1 CPC 17. Thermochemistry. Hess' law.
Purpose: To master the methodology for solving problems on the Hess law.
Key words: exothermic reactions, endothermic reactions, thermochemical reaction equation, thermal effect, heat of formation, heat of combustion, heat of neutralization, heat of dissolution, heat of hydration.
Questions and tasks:
1. Hess' law and consequences from it.
2. Solve problems for calculating the thermal effects of reactions according to chapter V according to the option.
Literature: - p.116-131
4.2 CPC 18. Determination of the heat of hydration of anhydrous copper (II) sulfate
Purpose: To prepare for the laboratory work.
Key words: heat of hydration, heat capacity, crystal lattice energy.
Questions and tasks:
1. Thermal processes during dissolution.
2. Calculation of thermal effects during dissolution, knowing the heat capacity and mass of the dissolved substance.
3. Make a plan for conducting experiments.
Literature: - p.170-176, - p.127-128.
4.3 CPC 19.20 Thermodynamic laws
Purpose: To study thermodynamic laws, their meaning and significance.
Key words: system, process, system parameters, thermodynamic functions, thermodynamic laws.
Questions and tasks:
1. The first law of thermodynamics, formulations, mathematical expression, meaning and meaning.
2. The second law of thermodynamics, formulations, mathematical expression, meaning.
3. The third law of thermodynamics. Calculation of the entropy of a substance during a phase transition.
4. Prepare for a terminological dictation on the topic "Chemical thermodynamics".
Literature: - p.170-173, - p.132-135.
4.4 CPC 21 Conditions for spontaneous processes
Purpose: To learn how to calculate the change in the Gibbs energy and determine the direction of the process in isobaric-isothermal conditions.
Key words: entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs energy, internal energy.
Questions and tasks:
1. Conditions for spontaneous reactions.
2. Solve problems for calculating the Gibbs energy and determining the possibility of the process proceeding according to Chapter V No. 308, 312.
Literature: - p.177-185, - p.136-143.
5 Chemical kinetics
5.1 CPC 22 Rate of chemical reactions
Purpose: To deepen the understanding of the rate of chemical reactions and the factors influencing it, to prepare for the implementation of experiments and their comprehension.
Key words: reaction rate, partial pressure, molar concentration, temperature coefficient, mass action law, van't Hoff law, catalyst, inhibitor.
Questions and tasks:
1. Calculation of the reaction rate for homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
2. Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.
3. Catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous.
4. Make a plan for conducting experiments on this topic.
Literature: - p.186-198, - p.177-183.
5.2 CPC 23 Solving problems on the topic "The rate of chemical reactions"
Purpose: To learn how to calculate the rate of chemical reactions, the change in rate depending on the conditions of the reactions.
Questions and tasks:
1. Study the law of mass action, Van't Hoff's law.
2. Solve problems for determining the rate of reactions according to Chapter V No. 329, 330,332, 334, 335.
Literature: - p.194-198, - p.167-176, 184-200.
5.3 CPC 24 Chemical equilibrium
Purpose: To comprehend the conditions for shifting chemical equilibrium, to prepare for laboratory work.
Key words: reversible and irreversible reactions, equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle, equilibrium concentrations.
Questions and tasks
1. Chemical equilibrium, its characteristics.
2. Le Chatelier's principle.
3. Make a plan for conducting experiments, write the equations of chemical reactions.
Literature: - p.204-211, - p.143-148.
5.4 CPC 25.26 Equilibria in heterogeneous systems
Purpose: To study the features of chemical equilibrium in heterogeneous systems and phase equilibrium, to prepare for the terminological dictation.
Key words: evaporation, sublimation, sublimation, melting, crystallization, condensation, degree of freedom, component, phase, triple point.
Questions and tasks
1. Equilibrium constant in heterogeneous systems
2. Diagram of the state of water.
3. Compile a glossary and thesaurus.
Literature: - p.204-214, - p.149-158.
6 Solutions and disperse systems
6.1 CPC 27.28 Preparation of solutions of a given concentration
Purpose: To learn how to recalculate from one concentration to another, to prepare for laboratory work.
Key words: solution, solvent, solute, mass fraction, molar concentration, molar concentration of equivalents, molar concentration, titer.
Questions and tasks
1. Conversion of the concentration of the solution from one to another:
a) from mass fraction to molar, molar concentration and molar concentration of equivalents
b) from molar concentration to mass fraction.
2. Solve the tasks for chapter VIII according to the option.
3. Make a plan for the experiment.
Literature: - p.106-115.
6.2 CPC 29.30 Dispersed systems
Purpose: To study the types of disperse systems, the conditions for their formation and the distinctive properties from true solutions.
Key words: dispersed systems, dispersed phase, dispersion medium, emulsion, suspension, aerosol, colloidal solution, electric double layer, coagulation, dialysis, Tyndall effect.
Questions and tasks
1. Classification of dispersed systems according to the particle size of the dispersed phase and according to the state of aggregation of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
2. Structure of a colloidal particle and micelles. Explain with a specific example.
3. Methods for obtaining colloidal solutions.
4. Optical properties of colloidal solutions.
5. Kinetic and aggregative stability of colloidal systems.
6. The role of colloidal solutions in nature and technology.
Literature: - p.289-297, 306-311, - p.242-250.
6.3 CPC 31 Electrolyte solutions.
Purpose: To repeat, deepen and generalize knowledge about the behavior of weak and strong electrolytes in aqueous solutions, to study their quantitative characteristics.
Questions and tasks
1. Strong and weak electrolytes, their characteristics.
2. Conditions for reactions in aqueous solutions. Ionic reaction equations.
3. Solubility product.
4. Make a plan for conducting experiments on the topic and equations of chemical reactions.
Recommendations: In a notebook for SRS, draw up the rules for compiling complete and abbreviated equations of reactions in aqueous solutions, according to the plan for conducting experiments, draw up equations of chemical reactions in molecular and ionic form.
Literature: - p.231-242, 245-247, - p. 210-224, 231-234, 241-242.
6.4 CPC 32.33 Hydrolysis of salts
Purpose: To deepen and generalize knowledge about the hydrolysis of salts in aqueous solutions, to study the quantitative characteristics of the hydrolysis process.
Key words: hydrolysis, irreversible hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, hydrolysis constant, pH value, medium acidity.
Questions and tasks
1. Ionic product of water. Hydrogen index.
2. Hydrolysis of salts.
3. Draw up a plan for conducting experiments on the topic and equations for the hydrolysis of salts in molecular and ionic form.
Literature: - p.241-259, - p. 224-231, 234-238.
6.5 SIW 34.35 Testing on topics 4-6
Goal: Prepare for testing on topics 4-6.
Questions and tasks:
1. The equations of chemical reactions, in which the thermal effect is indicated, are called:
2. According to the corollary of the Hess law, the heat effect of the reaction is:
3. Thermochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies:
4. The thermal effect of the formation reaction is:
5. The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by:
6. The rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants. This is the wording:
7. The Arrhenius equation establishes the dependence:
8. The Arrhenius equation has the form:
9. The van't Hoff equation has the form:
10. The rate of a chemical reaction increases in the presence of a catalyst because:
11. The interaction of aluminum powder with iodine occurs only in the presence of water. Water acts like:
12. Factor that does not affect the state of chemical equilibrium:
13. The formulation of the Le Chatelier principle:
14. Equilibrium constant for the reaction C TV. + 2H 2 O g. ↔ CO 2 + 2H 2 has the form:
15. To shift the equilibrium in the reaction N 2 + 3H 2 ↔ 2NH 3 + 92 kJ towards the formation of a reaction product, it is necessary:
16. The equilibrium of the process of transition of a substance from one phase to another without changing the chemical composition is called:
17. The process of transition of a substance from a solid state to a gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state is called:
18. The process of transition of a substance from a vapor state to a solid state, bypassing the liquid state is called:
19. The Gibbs phase rule has the following form: C + F = K + n. Decipher the designations C, F, K, n.
20. The equilibrium constant of the reaction 2NO 2 2NO + O 2 at
0.006 mol/l; =0.012 mol/l; \u003d 0.024 mol / l:
21 The reaction proceeds according to the equation 2NO + O 2 = 2NO 2 . The concentrations of the starting materials were: = 0.03 mol/l; = 0.05 mol/l. How will the reaction rate change if we increase the oxygen concentration to 0.10 mol/l and the NO concentration to 0.06 mol/l?
22. Ways of expressing the concentration of solutions:
23. The number of moles of a substance contained in 1 liter of solution is:
24. Molar concentration is:
25. The molar concentration of a 5% hydrochloric acid solution (take the density equal to 1 g / ml) is:
26. The dissociation of the electrolyte when dissolved in water occurs:
27. The ratio of the number of molecules dissociated into ions to the total number of dissolved electrolyte molecules is called:
28. An electrolyte that dissociates to form only a hydrogen cation as a cation is called:
29. An electrolyte that dissociates to form only hydroxo group anions as an anions is called:
30. Electrolytes that dissociate as acids and bases are called:
31. The number of ions formed during the dissociation of sodium sulfate:
32. The number of cations formed during the dissociation of potassium orthophosphate:
33. The sum of the coefficients in the reduced ionic equation of the chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and chromium (III) chloride:
34. The half sum of the products of the concentrations of all ions present in the solution and the square of their charge is called:
35. Activity coefficients depend on:
36. The ionic product of water is:
37. According to modern concepts, dissolution is:
38. The dissociation constant is called:
39. If a substance is a weak electrolyte, dissociates in water in three steps, which are characterized by equilibrium constants K 1, K 2, K 3, then what will be the ratio of the constants.
40. The relationship between the dissociation constant K and the degree of dissociation α is expressed by the equation:
41. The concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is 10 -5 mol / l. The pH of this solution is:
42. The pH of an aqueous solution may vary within:
43. The concentration of ions of hydroxyl groups in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide is 10 -4 mol / l. The pH of such a solution is
44. The logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions, taken with a minus sign, is
45. What is the acidity of an aqueous solution of a) sodium carbonate b) ammonium chloride.
46. Expression of the hydrolysis constants of a salt formed by a) a weak acid and a weak base b) formed by a weak acid and a strong base c) formed by a strong acid and a weak base
47. The equation for the hydrolysis of zinc chloride in the first stage.
48. Why is the solution cloudy when boiling a dilute aqueous solution of iron (III) chloride?
49. When a solution of sodium acetate is heated in the presence of the phenolphthalein indicator, the solution turns crimson, and when cooled, it becomes colorless again. Why is this happening?
50. Color of litmus in an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate?
51. Color of methyl orange in an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride?
52. Color of litmus in an aqueous solution of ammonium acetate?
53. Color of litmus in an aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate?
54. The volume of a 10% solution of sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 (density 1.105 g / cm 3), which is required to prepare 5 liters of a 2% solution (density 1.02 g / cm 3) is
55. Why and how does the freezing point of a solution differ from the freezing point of a solvent?
56. Why and how does the boiling point of a solution differ from the boiling point of a solvent?
57. To what solutions are the laws of Raoult and van't Hoff applicable?
58. Physical meaning of the cryoscopic and ebullioscopic constants.
59. What is the isotonic ratio?
60. What is the value of the isotonic coefficient for solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes?
Literature: - p.170-254, - p.116-251.
7 Electrochemistry
7.1 CPC 36.37 Galvanic cells
Purpose: To systematize and deepen the understanding of the electrode potential, galvanic cells, a number of standard electrode potentials.
Key words: electrode potential, galvanic cell, cell electromotive force, standard hydrogen electrode, hydrogen potential scale, polarization, overvoltage.
Questions and tasks
1.Polarization and overvoltage.
2. Solution of typical problems according to Chapter VIII for the calculation of electrode potentials, emf. galvanic elements.
Literature: - p.273-281, - p.261-283.
7.2 CPC 38.39 Corrosion of metals
Purpose: To deepen the understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the corrosion process, to prepare for laboratory experiments.
Key words: chemical corrosion, electrochemical corrosion, corrosion rate, oxygen depolarization, hydrogen depolarization, protective coatings, electrochemical protection, sacrificial protection.
Questions and tasks
1. Electrochemical corrosion.
2. Factors affecting the corrosion of metals.
3. Protection of metals from corrosion
4. Draw up a plan for conducting experiments on the topic and equations of corrosion in molecular and ionic form
Literature: - p.685-694, - p.310-337.
7.3 CPC 40.41 Electrolysis
Purpose: To systematize and deepen knowledge about the electrolysis of solutions, learn how to solve problems using Faraday's laws and calculate the molar masses of the equivalents of substances in redox reactions.
Key words: electrolysis, inert anode, soluble anode, nickel plating, copper plating, anode coating, cathode coating.
Questions and tasks
1. Electrolysis of solutions and melts of mineral substances.
2. Sequence of electrode processes.
3. Faraday's laws. The use of electrolysis in the production of metals
4. Solve the problems under Chapter VIII No. 698,702,707.
Literature: – pp. 281-288, – pp. 260-261, 284-291.
7.4 CPC 42.43 Chemical current sources.
Purpose: To deepen knowledge about chemical current sources.
Key words: cell capacity, cell energy, cell storage, fuel cells, batteries.
Questions and tasks
1. Galvanic primary cells, their characteristics.
2. Fuel cells, the principle of their operation.
3. Accumulators: lead and alkaline, the principle of their action.
References: - from 681-685, - from 300-310.
8 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
8.1 CPC 44 Theory of the structure of organic compounds by A.M. Butlerov
Purpose: To deepen the understanding of the structure of organic substances, to study the types of structural and spatial isomerism.
Keywords: organic substances, homologous series, homologous difference, isomers, structural isomerism, spatial isomerism, substitution reactions, additions, hydrogenations, hydrations, halogenations, hydrohalogenations, oxidations, reaction mechanism, free-radical, ionic.
Questions and tasks
1. Features of organic compounds (structure and properties)
2. Isomerism of the position of the functional group.
3. Isomerism between classes of organic compounds.
4. Spatial isomerism.
5. Mechanisms of reactions: free-radical, ionic.
6. Types of reactions: substitution, addition, oxidation for hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic substances.
Literature: - p.549-587.
8.2 CPC 45 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds
Purpose: To prepare for a laboratory lesson on the qualitative determination of organic compounds by functional groups.
Key words: functional group, qualitative reaction, multiple bond, aldehyde group, carboxyl group.
Questions and tasks:
1. Qualitative reactions to organic compounds containing multiple bonds, aldehyde group, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl group.
2. Qualitative reactions to natural polymers: starch, protein.
Literature: - p.45-48, - p.570-587.
9 Home test options
(collection: "Problems and Exercises in General Chemistry", author N.L. Glinka, 1986.)
Bibliography
Main literature
1. Glinka N.L. General Chemistry: Textbook / Under the editorship of A.I. Ermakov - M .: Integral-Press, 2002 - 728 p.
2. Korovin N.V. General chemistry: a textbook for technical ex. and special universities -M.: Higher school, 2000 - 558 p.
3. Glinka N.L. Tasks and exercises in general chemistry. / Ed. Rabinovich V.A. and Rubinna Kh.M. - L .: Chemistry, 1986 -272 p.
4. Barulina I.V. Workshop on chemistry - Rudny, RII, 2006 - 60 p.
additional literature
1 Frolov V.V. Chemistry M.: Higher School, 1986 - 543 p.
2 Akhmetov N.S. General and inorganic chemistry. - M.: Higher school, 2002 - 743s.
3 General Chemistry: Textbook / Ed. E.M. Sokolovskaya and L.S. Guzeya - M .: ed. Moscow State University, 1998 - 640 p.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Rudny Industrial Institute
ReviewedAbout
at a meeting of the department of PEiH
Minutes No. 5 dated 11.12.07
Head of the Department Kulikova G.G.
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very necessary
Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
"East Siberian State University of Technology and Management"
Department of Bioorganic and Food Chemistry
Methodical instructions for implementation
SIW and control tasks for the course
"Organic chemistry with the basics of biochemistry"
specialties "Standardization and Metrology" and "Quality Management"
Compiled by: ,
FOREWORD
The study of organic chemistry presents certain difficulties due to the large amount of factual material, a significant number of new concepts, the originality of the nomenclature of organic compounds, and the closest connection between one section and another. Therefore, mastering the course of organic chemistry requires systematic and consistent work. When studying, it is necessary to strictly observe the sequence of transition to the study of each next section only after the material of the previous one has been mastered. One should not mechanically memorize formulas, constants, reaction equations, etc. It is necessary to be able to highlight the main thing, to understand the essence of certain transformations, to find the interconnection of various classes of compounds and their significance, application.
EXAMPLE LIST OF LABORATORY WORKS FOR CORRESPONDENCE STUDENTS (6 hours)
1. Basic rules for working in the laboratory of organic chemistry, safety precautions for laboratory work.
2. Hydrocarbons.
3. Oxygen-containing organic compounds. Alcohols and phenols. Aldehydes and ketones. carboxylic acids.
4. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides.
5. Amino acids. Squirrels.
Control measures and distribution of points by type of work
Section names | Form of assessment of the theoretical component | Form of evaluation of the practical component | CDS evaluation form | ||||
Section 1 (module 1) Theoretical concepts in organic chemistry |
lab work 1 | Self-assessment, peer review, public defense of the CR Assignments №1 | |||||
Section 2 (module 2) Hydrocarbons and their derivatives | Protection of laboratory (2, 3) and practical works | Protection KR, back. #2 | |||||
Section 3 (module 3) Heterofunctional derivatives of hydrocarbons Bioorganic Compounds | Protection of laboratory (4.5) and practical work | Protection KR rear. Number 3 | |||||
Certification final testing | |||||||
Total: 108 (Maxipoint) | |||||||
INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMANCE
CONTROL WORKS
According to the curriculum, a student of the correspondence department must complete one test.
When performing and completing control tasks, the student must adhere to the following rules:
1. Design the title page of the notebook in which the control work was done, according to the following sample:
2. Control tasks should be performed in notebooks, leaving margins for the reviewer's comments;
3. When performing control work, write out the condition of the problem or question in full.
4. Answer in detail, avoiding long descriptions.
The control work consists of three tasks. The student selects tasks in the table as follows: task I finds against the initial letter of his last name, task II - against the initial letter of the first name, task III - against the initial letter of the patronymic. For example, perform tasks: 7, 29, 48.
Task numbers | |||
5. Completed and designed according to the above rules, submit the control work to the Department of Bioorganic and Food Chemistry (room 8-414) for review.
TASKS AND QUESTIONS OF CONTROL TASKS
EXERCISEI.
Task algorithm:
In the given structures or formulas of your task:
b) give examples of possible isomers for them;
c) give names according to systematic nomenclature or trivial names;
d) indicate in which hybridization each carbon atom is in these compounds.
Options:
1. C -C - C C - C - OH
2. C -C -C C -C -Cl
3. C -C -C C -C -C
4. C -C -C C \u003d C -Cl
5. C -C -C -C C \u003d C -COOH
C–C –C C–C –Br
7. C≡ C–C C–C–CN
8. C=C - C=C C - C - O - C –C
9. C - C= C - C C - CO - C
10. C \u003d C -C C - C -N-C
11. C≡ C – C - C C – C - C
12. C - C-C C -C \u003d O
13. C - C - C \u003d C C -C -NH2
14. C C C - COOH
15. C=C - C C-CO - O - C - C
C-C-C-C-CONH-C-
17. C-C-C-C C-C-COOH
18. C-C-C C C-C-OH
EXERCISEII.
Task algorithm:
Carry out chemical transformations for the following molecules of organic compounds, indicating the reagents with which they react. Establish their structure and give them names according to the systematic nomenclature. For the final product, indicate its scope.
Options:
19. Halogen derivative → alkene → alcohol → alkadiene → → synthetic rubber ↓
20. Alkane → halogen derivative → alkene → dihydric alcohol → lavsan
21. Alcohol → alkene → dibromo derivative → alkyne → chloralkene → polyvinyl chloride
22. Dichloro derivative → alkyne → ketone → oxynitrile → → hydroxypropionic acid → polyester
23. Sodium salt of carboxylic acid → alkane → halogen derivative → alkene → dihydric alcohol → polyether of ethylene glycol and succinic acid
24. Wurtz reaction → alkane → dinitro compound → diamine → polyamide → ethanediamine and adipic acid
25. Arene → aromatic nitro compound → alkylaniline → aminobenzoic acid → polyamide
26. Alkene → alkyne → oxo compound → oxynitrile → hydroxypropionic acid → polyester
27. Alkene → dichloro derivative → dihydric alcohol → polyester → ethylene glycol and succinic acid
28. Dichloro derivative → alkyne → ketone → oxynitrile → → hydroxyisobutyric acid
29. Chloralcan → alkene → alcohol → alkadiene → synthetic rubber ↓
2-methylbutane
30. Alkene → dichloroalkane → dihydric alcohol → diamine → polyamide → diaminoethane and oxalic acid
31. Alkane → chloroalkane → alkene → ethylene glycol → diamine → → phthalic acid polyamide
32. Alkyne → ketone → isopropyl alcohol
oxynitrile → hydroxy acid → polyester
33. Alkene → alcohol → oxo compound → oxynitrile → hydroxy acid → lactic acid polyester
34. Bromalcane → alcohol → carboxylic acid → chlorocarboxylic acid → aminoacetic acid → polyamide
35. Alkane → alkene → alkine → aldehyde → hydroxy acid → → α-alanine → diketopiperazine
36. Alkene → bromalkane → alcohol → ketone → oxynitrile → → 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid → α-amino acid
EXERCISEIII.
Task algorithm:
a) Write the structural formulas of the tautomeric formulas of monosaccharides, mark the hemiacetal hydroxyl, give them names. Write for one monosaccharide the reaction equations characteristic of it. Get reducing and non-reducing disaccharides from a monosaccharide, give them names.
b) Write a scheme for obtaining isomeric triacylglycerides, which are part of lipids from fatty acids. Name triacylglycerides. What is the consistency of fat containing these acylglycerides? How to turn liquid fat into solid? How to define indeterminacy? Carry out hydrolysis and saponification of the obtained triacylglycerides, give names to the resulting products.
c) Write the reaction equations for the amino acid, characteristic for the amino group and carboxyl, show amphotericity. Write the bipolar ion for the amino acid. According to the pHi value, explain the activity. Synthesize isomeric tripeptides from this amino acid and two other amino acids, give names.
a) monosaccharides | b) fatty acids | c) amino acids |
|
Idose, fructose | caprylic, erucic | ||
Altroza, | palmitic, stearic | ||
Galactose | Oleic, oily | ||
linoleic, caprylic | |||
allose, ribose | kapron, arachidonic | ||
Ribose, thallose | Stearic, oily | Histidine |
|
arabinose, | capric, linoleic | Methionine |
|
Fructose, galactose | linolenic, caprylic | ||
lyxose, ribose | ricinoleic, kapron | Phenylalanine |
|
Gulose, xylose | lauric, linoleic | tryptophan |
|
Galactose | lauric, myristic | ||
Fructose, | erukova, stearic | Glutamic acid |
|
|
galactose | Octadecanic, ricinoleic | Aspartic acid |
|
|
fructose | Myristine, stearic | ||
glucose, ribose | capric, arachidonic | ||
Mannose, idose | Arachinoic, palmitic | ||
Gulose, idose | Isoleucine |
||
arabinose, altrose | Arachinoic, arachidonic |
1., Eremenko chemistry.-M.: Higher school, 1985.
2. Grandberg Chemistry.-M.: Higher School, 1974.
3., Troshchenko chemistry.-M.: Higher school, 2002.
4. Artemenko chemistry.-M.: Higher school, 2002.
5., Anufriev on organic chemistry.-M.: Higher school, 1988.
6. Maksanova of Organic Chemistry in Schemes, Tables and Figures: Textbook. Ulan-Ude: VSGTU Publishing House, 2007.
7. Maksanova compounds and materials based on them, used in the food industry.-M.: KolosS, 2005.- 213 p.
8., Ayurov compounds and their application. - Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the ESSTU, 2005. - 344 p.
1The article considers the organization of effective research work of students, which allows students to develop the ability to independently acquire knowledge, analyze and effectively use information for maximum self-realization. The application of the taxonomic approach in the preparation of tasks for the SIW in the discipline "Organic Chemistry" is aimed at the formation of professional competencies in accordance with the needs of reality. Examples of multi-level questions on the topic "Unsaturated hydrocarbons" for an express survey are given. Using the Bloom pyramid, it is shown what results can be expected as a result of studying this topic. It is proposed to use Bloom's taxonomy when conducting experimental work in laboratory classes. To solve the problem of the connection between theory and practice, the authors propose the use of the project method. This will allow to form such competencies as the ability to search, collect and analyze information.
Bloom's taxonomy
independent work of students (SIW)
unsaturated hydrocarbons
professional competencies
lesson planning
1. Chizhik V.P. Forms of organization of the educational process in a higher educational institution // Siberian Trade and Economic Journal. - 2011. - No. 11. - P. 119–121.
2. Nurov K. Higher education in Kazakhstan: price without quality and knowledge [Electron. resource]. - 2011. - URL: http://www.ipr.kz/kipr/3/1/44.
3. Lazareva I.N. Taxonomic approach in the design of personality-oriented intellectual and developmental education. Izvestiya of the Russian State Pedagogical University A.I. Herzen. - 2009. - No. 94. - P. 130-136.
4. Kryukov V.F. Modern methods of teaching. – M.: Norma. - 2006. - 176 p.
The most important factor in creating an innovation system and developing the country's human capital is education.
At present, the State Program for the Development of Education and Science until 2020 has been developed and adopted in our country. Improving the competitiveness of human capital and the level of training in general is the main focus of this program.
In many countries of the world, a student-centered approach is recognized as a priority, which corresponds to modern concepts of education. As a result of applying this approach, the formation and development of creative thinking and the ability to work with information takes place. The focus is on the activity of cognition, cooperation, mutual work, i.e. The basis of this method is the independent cognitive activity of students. It is impossible to implement this approach by simply changing one system or form of education to another. First of all, it is necessary to realize the ongoing changes by all participants in the educational process, and this implies a certain breaking of habits and stereotypes.
At the present stage of education, the role of the teacher has changed. Now he is not so much a source of information transfer, but rather teaches the student how to get information. The student's task is to be able to rethink the information obtained and be able to use knowledge in practice in the future. In this aspect, the implementation of all learning functions depends on the choice of method. In a word, the effectiveness of education will depend primarily on the extent to which students have the ability to independently acquire knowledge, analyze, structure and effectively use information for maximum self-realization and useful participation in society.
A number of authors suggest using the organization of research work in practical classes and SIW as one of the ways to activate divergent thinking. Research work in relevant practical areas allows the formation of the student's competencies and skills in accordance with the needs of reality, which will form competitive specialists.
We propose the use of a taxonomic approach in the preparation of tasks for the SIW and SIWT in the discipline "Organic Chemistry".
Effectively organized independent work begins with goal setting. Firstly, it will allow to determine the degree of progress of students towards the intended result, and secondly, it will provide timely correction.
The long-term use of B. Bloom's taxonomic model testifies to its effectiveness. It can be used as a tool for planning classes and developing strategies, survey methods - from simple to complex.
Using the example of the topic "Unsaturated hydrocarbons" (6 hours), we wanted to show what results we expect as a result of studying this topic:
The student must know: properties and structure of unsaturated hydrocarbons, types of organic reactions with their participation, signs and conditions of their occurrence.
The student must be able to: establish the relationship between the structure of the compound and its properties, plan and carry out a chemical experiment, analyze its results.
The student must have the skills to assemble installations for conducting a laboratory experiment, working with modern devices.
As a result of studying this topic, using B. Bloom's taxonomy, the student at the initial stage (knowledge) will be able to determine the type of hydrocarbon, the features of its structure, the presence of reaction centers. Moving from simple to complex, at the stage of applying knowledge, he will be able to interpret the stages of chemical reactions, describe transformation schemes, and at the analysis stage, he will compare the methods of obtaining and chemical properties of various classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons, and discuss reaction mechanisms.
Below we give examples of multi-level questions on the topic for an express survey:
|
1) What is the chemical formula of butadiene? 2) What is polymerization? 3) When was the theory of chemical structure discovered? |
|
|
Understanding |
1) Compare the chemical properties of ethylene and acetylene? 2) What factors influence the halogenation of alkenes? 3) How can you call in one word the reaction of splitting water from alcohols? |
|
Application |
1) What are the possible outcomes of pentane isomerization? 2) What is formed during the cyclization of butadiene? 3) How can the hydration reaction of alkenes be applied in practice? |
|
1) What are the prerequisites for the emergence of the theory of chemical structure? 2) What are the results of stereochemical reactions? 3) What is the essence of Favorsky's reaction? |
|
|
1) How can one prove the structure of synthesized organic compounds? 2) How can I check whether the reaction has passed or not? 3) How can the problem of synthesis of liquid crystal compounds be solved? |
|
|
Evaluation (making value judgments based on reason) |
1) Do you think that the reactivity of conjugated dienes is higher than that of cumulated ones? 2) How can one justify the low yield of radical substitution reactions? 3) How can one explain the ability of unsaturated compounds to undergo electrophilic addition reactions? |
When compiling knowledge questions, word-questions are often used: when, what, who, is it true, etc. Answers to such questions involve a simple reproduction of information. The load is not on thinking, but on memory, for example, what is hydrohalogenation? The learner simply memorizes and recognizes the information.
At the level of understanding, there is an understanding of the information received; formulating the problem in your own words. The student explains, transforms, i.e. information processing occurs, for example, how do alkenes differ from alkynes?
Application refers to the use of concepts in new situations. Application questions allow you to transfer the acquired knowledge to new conditions, for example, to solve problems, for example, predict the result of the Diels-Alder reaction, what are the possible results of the hydrohalogenation of 1,3-butadiene, etc.
At the analysis level, information is broken down into related parts. Questions for analysis require clarification of causes and effects, the selection of individual parts from the whole, for example, what is the essence of the problem, what conclusion can be drawn, what are the prerequisites, etc.? The analysis makes it possible to understand and show how it works.
Synthesis is the compilation of information. Synthesis questions are about creative problem solving. It is not enough just the information available. It is necessary to create a new whole based on the original approach. At this level, verbs are more often used: develop, formulate, generalize, combine, modify, etc. For example, formulate Markovnikov's rule, combine similar reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
At the assessment level, the student discusses, chooses and evaluates with the help of certain criteria. At this level, verbs are more often used: prove, select, compare, draw a conclusion, justify, predict. For example, prove that the triple bond of pentyn-1 is terminal, compare methods for obtaining carboxylic acids by oxidizing hydrocarbons.
When preparing a description of the CPC algorithm, it is necessary to formulate questions and tasks of higher levels of thinking more often. A very important point is teaching students to independently formulate multi-level questions in the individual performance of tasks. Then, using Bloom's Chamomile, students will be able not only to answer questions, but also to develop certain types of questions themselves, allowing them to reveal each block of the Bloom pyramid. For the traditional education system, this principle is not typical, since it was more common there when only teachers form questions and ask them. The use of this method will allow the teacher to diagnose the quality of the knowledge gained.
Too "theorized" training does not allow students to form high-quality knowledge. But knowledge that is not connected with practice causes a one-sided and very narrow understanding of the issue under study. Additional motivation of students, aimed at activating answers to more complex questions, is possible with a differentiated system for evaluating answers to questions.
The development of criteria for assessing knowledge makes the assessment process transparent and understandable to everyone, and the development of criteria jointly with students will help form a positive attitude towards assessment.
When conducting experimental work on the topic, the application of Bloom's taxonomy is as follows:
It is known that the most common tasks for SIW in most cases are essays and abstracts. The implementation of such tasks does not cause difficulties for students, because. on the Internet you can find standard essays and abstracts on almost any discipline and topic. Therefore, in order to train competitive specialists, it is necessary to make more efforts to form students not only with the necessary knowledge of the discipline, which was typical for the traditional system, but it is also necessary to form skills and research competencies with reference to practical reality. This makes it possible to prepare specialists who are focused on the needs of the market and who are able to find the most effective solutions from many others. Specialists trained according to the proposed scheme, already in the process of training, will have a clear idea of their specialization, but at the same time they will have effective tools for solving issues of a wider range. To solve this problem, the method of projects is widely used. A distinctive feature of this form of organization of the educational process is the fact that students receive all the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities not in the process of studying a particular discipline, but in the process of working on a particular project. The project method can be defined as a way of learning through the detailed development of a problem, which should end in a very real, tangible practical result that has a life context. In the educational process of the university, a project is understood as a set of actions specially organized by a teacher and independently performed by students, culminating in the creation of a creative product. For experimental sciences, the application of the project method is very important.
For students of the Faculty of Chemistry, a research project has been developed as a project task in the discipline "Organic Chemistry"
